First two games have seen some differences:
1) First game, Prince, Standard Continents, Standard Speed. One continent had Japan and Netherlands. Japan conquered them a CS in between them. Whole continent was filled with cities and cultural borders by end of game in the 1950s. Seemed like very solid use of the available space. My continent had me (Byz), Maya, Austria, China, Russia, and Carthage, plus 8 CS. Very crowded. Most of them only built 2-3 cities. Russia had a couple extra. By end of game, all land was used. Seemed fairly appropriate based on how crowded the continent was.
2) Second game, King, Large Pangea, Epic Speed. Set to Raging Barbarians. I wanted to focus on combat since I focused on Diplomacy / Religion in first game. Picked the Huns, ended up in the north-center of the map. It is now around 1000 CE. Most Empires have founded 2-4 cities. There are huge, huge swathes of empty, unsettled land. Rome was my closest enemy to the west and DOWed me fairly early, and I eventually conquered their 4 cities. Songhai was my closest enemy to the east, and DOWed me but never did anything. I eventually marched over and conquered their 3 cities. There were big empty lands between myself and Rome and Songhai. Looking at all the other Civs to the south, there tend to be huge empty lands between them and around them. They have engaged in a few wars, but without much impact. I'm not sure if the Raging Barbarians are the cause of all the empty land. They have been a challenge for me, but not enough to stop me from founding a few cities and marching back and forth across the continent to conquer two enemy civs, leaving most cities undefended while I am at war. Not sure if an AI higher than King would do better than this setup. It just makes for a weird feeling game...we are already at 1000 AD and the vast majority of the map is unsettled. I have the largest empire by far, and it has massive gaps since I had to cross so much undeveloped space to get to Rome and Songhai. The southern Civs include Mongols, Netherlands, Greece, Celts, Sweden, Byzantium, and Ethiopia. Seems like there should have been more expansion, what with Epic Speed and Large map size.
I'm really curious what the common patterns are here. AI? Map type? Civ? Raging Barbarians? I want the AI to be smart about expanding their empire, and I love that some Civs will go Tall and some Wide. But it will be a real shame if the AI generally fails to make use of larger map sizes and game lengths. If I play a big map with Epic or Marathon speed, I expect the AI to expand along with the map size and game speed. The AI generally shouldn't be founding the same number of cities on a duel map that it founds on a large map. Really throws the scale off and wastes lots of space.