SarahEspresso
High Regent of Candlewick
If so, then why the rest of the game is doing great?
p.s. didn't find anywhere the steam folder
I suspect it's because your graphics card can handle the very basic part of the game, nothing else. So it actually loads the game, but any time an unusual animation (city bombard, that red arrow seems quite taxing), or the leaderhead screens, or animations between turns are called, the system can't handle it.
You can disable leaderheads by editing config.ini and changing LeaderHead = 0 to LeaderHead = 1. This might help the problems with getting an error when meeting other civs, but it will show a blank screen instead.
To verify game cache, run Steam, go to Library, and find Sid Meier's Civilization V. Right click and go to properties. Then on local files, click verify integrity of game cache. This should then say 2 files failed to validate, if it says anything else, then you have a damaged file.