Another thing that ties into the now better but still not that good diplomacy:
Warsaw is under my protection and gets invaded by the Turks.
I ask them what they want to make peace. They say they can't make that deal.
I wait a couple of turns. I demand they make peace with Warsaw. They refuse.
When the siege of Warsaw looks like it's going to end with the CS being conquered I finally declare war on the Ottomans. I kill off their units and start marching towards their borders. They offer me gold for peace and I accept.
After declaring war on a civ for attacking a CS that I had previously pledged to protect I am now a warmongering menace to the world.
Another "protection" related thing: you are ally to a CS, and pledge protection. Few turns later, an AI civ at war coups in the city state, so it declares war on the AIs enemy. You buy the CS back to ally, and it goes to peace. But now they think YOU have broken your protection promise!
(Ok, realistically, I could've spent more gold to get high influence, thereby "protecting" them from coups...but in practice thats not always possible, and not totally safe anyway).