Fusion Powered Energy-
A Proposal by Japanese Prime Minisiter Hayato Ikeda
Members of SEATO, today Japan announces the ITER project, the 'International Thermonuclear Reactor'.
ITER is based off of the principles of Fusion energy, Fusion energy is the same energy that drives the sun, and the potential of this type of energy is nearly unlimited, as seen by the brightness of the Sun, which has been shining for Several billion years.
With global energy consumption increasing yearly,the sources remain primarily fossil fuel resources such as coal,oil and natural gas,with some contribution from nuclear power.Fossil fuels have a significant impact on the environment in the form of greenhouse gases,as well as the ways in which they are extracted from the earth.Limited and localized resources are also a source of geo-political instability.Now, with nations needing more oil than ever, alternative energy sources are looking more attractive, especially with much of the Middle East in a state of chaos.
Fusion reactions bring together two atomic nuclei and force them together to combine into one. The amount of energy released in this reaction depends on the nuclei, with lighter nuclei releasing more energy. This suggests that hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, is the best fusion fuel.
An equally important factor is the amount of energy needed to start the reaction. This is dependant on two measures, the amount of electric charge holding the nuclei apart, and the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) pulling them together. The former is also lowest for lighter nuclei, again suggesting hydrogen, but the later modifies this somewhat. After all considerations, a mixture of two isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, has the lowest energy requirement compared to energy release.
While the D-T mix has been the focus of most fusion research, it is by no means the only potential fuel, but it has been evaluated by Japanese scientists as the most feasible and safe mixture.
Fusion is a theoretically simple physical process: the binding of the nuclei of two similar atoms. For example,the nuclei of deuterium (one proton and one neutron)and tritium (one proton and two neutrons)can be forced to bind together.The result will then split into a neutron and a helium nucleus, with two neutrons and two protons otherwise known as an alpha particle plus another particle that does not carry much energy.The mass of the two incoming nuclei is greater than the mass of the product.This loss of mass translates into energy, which can both heat the plasma and provide power for useful work.
The fusion reaction is sustained in what is called a burning plasma, a nearly fully-ionized gas in which the fusion power captured by the plasma keeps the plasma hot.A burning plasma is dominated by this self-heating; however,this condition has not yet been achieved in a laboratory. The dynamics of the self-heating will be a funda- mentally new and key feature studied in ITER. To create a sustained fusion reaction, a laboratory would need to create temperatures in excess of 100 million degrees celsius.
Resources Needed to sustain a Fusion Reaction
Fusion reactors only need two resources - Deuterium and Tritium. Both of which can be easily gathered and/or manufactured.
The deuterium fuel alone is abundant in water and can be extracted by electrolysis. Lake Geneva alone, for instance, contains enough deuterium to supply all the primary energy needed by our planet for several thousand years.
Tritium must be manufactured in a lab, using lithium, which can be easily procured in the earth's crust.
The Safeties and Realities of Fusion Generated Energy, and Possible Fusion Powerplants
Japan also states the advantages and safeties of fusion energy compared to other energy types, most notably, nuclear energy (fission)
- An effectively inexhaustible supply of fuelat essintially zero cost on a national production scale;
- A fuel supply that is available from the oceans to all coastal countries and therefore cannot be interrupted by other nations;
- No possibility of nuclear runaway, there is no chain reaction;
- No chemical combustion products as effluents;
- No afterheat cooling problem in case of an accidental loss of coolant;
- No use of weapons grade nuclear materials, thus no possibility of diversion for purposes of blackmail or sabotage;
- Low amount of radioactive by-products with significantly shorter half-life relative to fission reactors (components fabricated from "low-activation" materials).
Fusion does also have potential safety concerns. Although there would be no intrinsic danger of a runaway fusion reaction (a meltdown) and any malfunction would result in a rapid shutdown of the plant, there are possible scenarios that are safety concerns. Japanese scientists have pointed out numerous safety concerns, including the possibility of a tritium leak, lithium fire or the accidental release of magnetic energy. These concerns would need to be addressed as part of any reactor design, just as loss of coolant and similar risks must be addressed in the design of fission plants.
Unfortunately, there are still significant barriers standing between current scientific understanding and technological capabilities and the practical realization of fusion as an energy source, and it is far from clear that an economically viable fusion plant is even possible. It is an extremely difficult task to harness a 100 million degree plasma in an economically efficient way
Even with these facts, Japan still believes Fusion is the most feasible alternative energy source, and is confident that it can create a fusion powerplant within the following timescale. Note, the project will be split into two phases for maximum effeciency:
Goober said:
1 - ITER project - Fusion Power Development and Feasibility Project - 9 eco and 3 turns
2 - project ENERGY - Fusion Power Plant Technology - Have yet to determine length of time, considering something like 4 turns, around 13 eco.
Addendum:
Japan has calculated the costs, and has figured that making such project a SEATO wide project would only cut costs marginally, therefore, Japan has decided to develop this project on her own, but Japan will sell the liscensing rights to create a Fusion plant at a much cheaper price to SEATO members than to other nations. Other nations will likely not get the liscensing rights, and require Japanese engineers to build the plants, incuring more costs for those who want cheaper alternative energy. SEATO members, of course, would be exempt from these costs.