At the turn of the 18th Century, Persia was more friendly toward Rapanui than the other Great Powers, and accordingly approached them with a trade deal that changed the course of the country entirely. Over the 17th Century, the Rapanui Court's influence had led to more and more frequent conflicts with the God-Kings of the Matu'a Dynasty. They had come to admire the relative freedom of the Persian Aristocratic Republic — or rather, the freedom of its nobility to rule without regard for the whims of either the people or a king. So they arranged for Rapanui and Persian scholars to visit each other's countries under the guise of a diplomatic summit to trade away the secrets of the steam engine in exchange for a decent translation and explanation of Persian laws of government.
Upon their return, the scholars, accompanied by a near-unanimous panel of supportive nobles, presented a draft constitution modeled on the Persian one to the God-King. He, predictably, did not approve of the idea of a government without Himself in it. He ordered the palace guards to escort the petitioners to jail. The Lord Governor of Hanga Roa Province ordered the capital's garrison to storm the palace. The garrison outnumbered the palace guards significantly, and quickly took control of the building. The God-King fled, but too late, and was apprehended in quite an undignified way, shot in the leg with an arrow, as he ran for a waiting boat.
The new government set up immediately in the occupied palace and issued as its first act a formal Declaration of the Establishment of the Rapanui Aristocratic Republic. However, the nobles hadn't counted on the feelings of the citizens of the capital. As the proclamation was sent out and announced in town squares around the country, exaggerated and gruesome stories of the coup's treatment of the God-King spread, too. Police were harassed by gangs of monarchist commoners who feared that the new government would end the long peace. By the year's end, rioting was nearly ubiquitous. As 1705 began, a counterrevolution was in full swing, and it became abundantly clear to the noble provincial governors (especially in Southwest Land, where monarchy was seen as the only thing standing between them and pointless death at the hands of India) that they would likely be in "full swing" soon, too, from the ends of ropes.
On August 10th, 1705, rebel leaders, with well-armed guards, met with nobles in Hanga Roa to discuss a peace settlement. The new government would be run under five simple terms well-known to modern Rapanui schoolchildren:
I. The Rapanui Empire is to forever be a Sovereign and Hindu State.
II. The Holy Dynasty of Hotu Matu'a, the Ancient God-King, Rightful Heir to the Throne of Krishna, is hereby restored as the Supreme Judicial Authority of the Empire. The God-King is not to make laws, but is to provide the final say on the holiness and means of enforcement of all laws created by Parliament.
III. The Parliament of the Rapanui People is a single body comprising four Members from each Province. Members of Parliament shall be elected by majority vote of the heads of all Hindu freemen's households, and any free Hindu man of at least twenty years' age shall be eligible to become a Member of Parliament.
IV. No title of nobility will ever again be conferred except to members of the reigning Dynasty, and all those who hold titles of nobility at the time of this Constitution's establishment shall neither pass on those titles to their descendants nor be permitted to hold any elected office.
V. Parliament shall make no law altering, or otherwise in defiance of, this Constitution, except with the freely-given consent of the God-King.
The new government quickly enacted a series of additional laws to ensure the continued freedom of the Empire from outside troubles, closing borders to most foreign trade and providing for conscription in times of crisis — a law that was actually even more radical than the management of the military under the old system, but one which nonetheless was approved on the grounds that it was "to ensure that this New National Order does not fall to enemies inside or out", in the words of the first Prime Minister, Nga'ara of New Mataveri.