Great Prophets
Moses - (Egypt, ?) legendary saviour of the Jewish people
Mahavira - (India, 6th c. BC) founder of Jainism
Zoroaster (Zarathustra) - (Persia, 628?-551? BC) founder of Zoroastrianism
Ananda - (India, 5th c. BC) chief discliple of Buddha
Chuang-Tzu - (China, 4th c. BC) pre-eminent Taoist scholar
Mencius - (China, 4th c. BC) pre-eminent Confucianist scholar
Mo Tzu - (China, 470? BC-391? BC) founder of Mohism
St. John - (Roman Israel, 1st c.) prophet of Christianity, Islam and Mandaeanism
St. Peter - (Roman Israel, 1st c.) Apostle of Jesus
St. Paul - (Roman Turkey, 1st c.) Most important disciple of Jesus
Rabbi Akiva - (Roman Israel, 2nd c.) leader of the Bar Kochba revolt against Rome
Mani (Manes) - (Persia, 216?-276?) founder of Manichaeism
St. Augustine - (Roman Tunisia, 4th c.) pre-eminent Doctor of the Church
St. Patrick - (Britain, 5th c.) patron saint of Ireland
Abu Bakr - (Arabia, 6th c.) first caliph of Islam
Shankara - (India, 788-820) founder of the Vedanta school of Hinduism
Kobo-Daishi - (Japan, 9th c.) founder of Japanese school of Buddhism
Atisha - (India, 11th c.) Buddhist evangelist who spread Buddhism to Java and Tibet
St. Thomas Aquinas - (Italy, 13th c.) considered greatest theologian of Roman Catholicism
Mohammed Shah - (Brunei, 14th c.) converted Brunei to Islam
Tsongkhapa - (Tibet, 14th c.) pre-eminent Tibetan Buddhist scholar
Jean d'Arc - (France, 15th c.) heroine of France who talked to God
Narak - (India, 1469-1539) founder of Sikhism
Tipu Sultan - (India, 18th c.) benevolent Muslim leader of a southern Indian state who fought against the British
Ramakrishna - (India, 1836-1886) one of the most prominent Hindu saints
Narayana Guru - (India, 19th c.) great sage and social reformer
Sojourner Truth (f) - (America, 19th c.) African-American abolitionist
Great Artists
Homer - (Greece, ?) wrote the epic 'Ilias' and 'Odessey'
Thespis - (Greece, 6th c. BC) considered to be the world's first actor
Ling Lun - (China, ?) legendary founder of Chinese music
Wang Xizhi - (China, 303-361) considered the greatest calligrapher in Chinese history
Valmiki - (India, 3rd c. BC) wrote the epic 'Ramayana', one of the two most important and influential Hindu books
Virgil - (Roman Italy, 1st c. BC) wrote 'Eclogues', 'Georgica' and the national epic 'Aeneid'
Kalidas - (India, 4th? c.) considered one of India's greatest Sanskrit poets and playwriters
Li Po (Li Bai) - (China, 701-762) 'Poet Immortal', considered the greatest of the Chinese poets, along with Du Fu
Du Fu - (China, 712-770) considered the greatest of the Chinese poets, along with Li Po
Jalal al-Din Rumi (Moulana) - (Persia, 1207-1273) wrote 'Spiritual Couplets', considered second in importance only to the Koran
Dante (Alighieri) - (Italy, 13th c.) wrote 'La Divina Commedia', the basis of the modern Italian language
Yunus Emre - (Turkey, 1238?-1320?) considered one of the most distinguished Muslim poets; had an immense influence on Turkish literature
Amir Khusro - (India, 1253-1325) founder of both Hindustani classical and Qawaali music
Ibn Muqlah - (Arabia, ?-940) the most accomplished Islamic calligrapher
Michaelangelo - (Italy, 15th c.) painter, scultor, poet, architect, made the Sistine Chapel ceiling fresco and 'David'
Raphael - (Italy, 1483-1520) Renaissance painter and architect, best known for Madonnas and Vatican frescoes
William Shakespeare - (England, 16th c.) considered the greatest writer in the English language, wrote countless plays, sonnets and poems
Miguel de Cervantes - (Spain, 1547-1616) wrote 'Don Quixote', one of the earliest European novels, considered finest book in the Spanish language
Rembrandt van Rijn - (Netherlands, 1606-1669) generally considered one of the greatest painters in European art, made 'The Night Watch', 'The Jewish Bride'
Johannes Vermeer - (Netherlands, 1632-1675) famous and genius Dutch Golden Age painter, made 'The Milkmaid', 'View Of Delft', 'Girl With A Pearl Earring', etc
J. S. Bach - (Germany, 18th c.) widely considered one of the greatest composers of all time
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - (Austria, 18th c.) concidered one of the greatest composers of European classical music
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - (Germany, 1749-1832) considered one of the paramount figures of German literature and European Romanticism
Ludwig von Beethoven - (Germany, 19th c.) considered one of the greatest composers of European classical music
Victor Hugo - (France, 1802-1885) pre-eminent French author, wrote 'The Hunchback of Notre Dame' & 'Les Misérables'
Vincent van Gogh - (Netherlands, 19th c.) considered one of the greatest painters in European art, made 'The Potato Eaters', 'Sunflowers', etc
Johannes Brahms - (Germany, 19th c.) by many considered the 'successor' to Beethoven
Antonin Dvorak - (Czech Republic, 19th c.) great composer who used a wide variety of forms
Mark Twain - (America, 1835-1910) "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn" (Hemingway)
Claude Monet - (France, 19th c.) pre-eminent impressionist painter, made 'Impression: Sunrise' (after which impressionism was named)
Joseph Conrad - (Poland, 1857-1924) regarded as one of the greatest English novelists
Franz Kafka - (Czech Republic, 1883-1924) one of the major German language writers of the 20th century
Louis Armstrong - (America, 1901-1971) most famous and influential jazz musician
Duke Ellington - (America, 1899–1974) one of the most influential figures in jazz
Pablo Picasso - (Spain, 20th c.) 20th century master painter, founder of cubism, made 'Boy With A Pipe', 'Guernica', etc
Miles Davis - (America, 1926–1991) considered one of the most influential jazz musicians of the 20th century
Great Scientists
Merit Ptah (f) - (Egypt, 27th c. BC) oldest known physician
Xi Ling Shi (f) - (China, 27th c. BC) discovered silk harvesting
Nabu-rimanni (Naburianos) - (Babylon, 560?-480? BC) calculated position of moon, sun, and planets at any given moment
Socrates - (Greece, 5th c. BC) one of the most important Greek philosophers
Plato - (Greece, 4th c. BC) pre-eminent Greek philosopher, student of Socrates
Aristotle - (Greece, 4th c. BC) pre-eminent Greek philosopher, student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great
Euclid - (Ptolemeic Egypt, 4th c. BC) "father of geometry"
Ptolemy - (Roman Egypt, 2nd c.) pre-eminent astronomer and geographer from Alexandria
Hypatia (f) - (Roman Egypt, 4th c.) Alexandrian philosopher, mathematician, teacher
Zu Chongzhi - (China, 429-500) invented Daming calendar and approximated pi
Aryabhata - (India 476?-550) founding father of algebra
Al-Kindi - (Arab Iraq, 801?–873) "the philosopher of the Arabs", published on everything from medicine to mathematics to geography
Al-Khwarizmi - (Persia, 9th c.) inventor of the algorithm, "grandfather of computer science"
Al-Razi - (Persia, 865-925) made key contributions to medicine, chemistry and philosophy
Alhazen - (Arab Iraq, 10th c.) discovered optics, founding father of the scientific method
Nicolaus Copernicus - (Poland, 16th c.) developed detailed heliocentric theory, a founding father of modern science
Francis Bacon - (England, 16th c.) philosopher who expanded upon Alhazen's scientific method
Tycho Brahe - (Denmark, 16th c.) made important improvements to astronomic instruments
Johannes Kepler - (Germany, 16th c.) developed laws of planetary motion, key figure in scientific revolution
Isaac Newton - (England, 17th c.) key figure in modern physics, developed classical mechanics and differential calculus
Galileo Galilei - (Italy, 16th c.) "father of modern astronomy and physics", developed experimental science
Rene Descartes - (France, 17th c.) founder of both modern (analytic) geometry and modern philosophy
Antony van Leeuwenhoek - (Netherlands, 17th c.) improved microscope, discovered bacteria, founder of microbiology
Gottfried Leibniz - (Germany, 17th c.) invented the function, developed modern (differential) calculus
Mikhail Lomonosov - (Russia, 18th c.) distinguished chemist, physicist, linguist, historian, writer and scholar
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - (France, 18th c.) a founder of modern chemistry, introduced quantitative methods to chemical reactions, described oxygen
Carl Friedrich Gauss - (Germany, 19th c.) widely considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time
John Dalton - (England, 19th c.) formulated modern atomic theory
Michael Faraday - (England, 19th c.) one of the greatest experimentalist scientists; made electricity a viable technology
James Clerk Maxwell - (Scotland, 19th c.) pre-eminent modern physicist, laid the basis for 20th century physics
Louis Pasteur - (France, 19th c.) pre-eminent microbiologist, developed germ theory and inoculation
Charles Darwin - (England, 19th c.) founder of evolution theory
Ernest Rutherford - (New Zealand, 20th c.) discovered atomic nucleus
Marie Curie (f) - (Poland, 20th c.) pioneer in radioactivity
Albert Einstein - (Germany, 20th c.) proposed theory of relativity, key figure in quantum mechanics; greatest scientist of the 20th century
Niels Bohr - (Denmark, 20th c.) leading figure in quantum theory development
Werner Heisenberg - (Germany, 20th c.) one of the founders of quantum mechanics, discovered uncertainty principle
Enrico Fermi - (Italy, 20th c.) developed the first nuclear reactor, key figure in quantum theory development
Rosalind Franklin (f) - (England, 20th c.) biophysicist and crystallographer who made important contributions to the understanding of DNA, viruses, coal and graphite
Andrei Sakharov - (Russia, 20th c.) nuclear physicist and human rights activist, developed atomic and hydrogen bomb, proposed fusion reactor
Great Merchants
Harkuf - (Egypt, 24th c. BC) merchant, nobleman and first known explorer; set up trade routes between Egypt and NUbia
Hanno (the Navigator) - (Carthage, 6th c. BC) trader/explorer who founded trade posts in Morocco and explored the coast at least as far as Sierra Leone (may even have circumnavigated Africa)
Pytheas - (Greece, 380-310 BC) merchant, geographer, explorer who explored and circumnavigated Britain, possibly also Iceland and the Baltic Sea
Zhang Qian - (China, ?-113 BC) Chinese Marco Polo, traveled west as far as Persia, effectively opened the Silk Road
Aretas III - (Nabataean Jordan, 1st c. BC) by conquest monopolised the trade between the West and East
Leif Erickson - (Iceland, 970-?) Norse explorer thought to be the first European to have landed in North America
Wang Anshi - (China, 1021-1086) Sung statesman, attempted major and very modern economic reforms
Enrico Dandolo - (Italy, 12th c.) blind Doge of Venice who forced crusaders to sack Constantinople and conquer its colonies for him
Marco Polo - (Italy, 13th c.) trader and explorer, traveled to China and worked for Kublai Khan throughout East Asia
Ibn Battuta - (Arab Morocco, 14th c.), Arab traveller and explorer who traveled the known Arab world and beyond (up to China)
Richard Whittington - (England, 14th c.) very successful merchant and major of London
Giovanni de Medici - (Italy, 14th c.) founded the Medici bank and dynasty
Zheng He - (China, 15th c.) mariner and explorer, traveled as far as Arabia and Southern Africa and possibly America
Vasco da Gama - (Portugal, 16th c.) first to reach India over sea, opened spice trade between Portugal and India
Christopher Columbus - (Italy, 15th c.) discovered America
Ferdinand Magellan - (Portugal, 16th c.) first to circumnavigate the globe
Jacques Cartier - (France, 16th c.) explorer and trader, explored Canada, discovered St. Lawrence river and founded Montreal
Raja Todar Mal - (India, ?-1589) financial advisor to Akbar the Great, overhauled the revenue system in Mughal India (copied by the British)
Anthony van Diemen (Antonius) - (Netherlands, 1593-1645) key figure of Dutch East India company, established Dutch colony on Ceylon, expanded power throughout Asia, financed Tasman
Sir Thomas Roe - (England, 17th c.) diplomat who secured support from Mughal emperor for first English trade station in India
Shah Jahan - (India, 17th c.) founded Delhi and built the Taj Mahal and Pearl Mosque, started golden age of Mughal art and architecture
Adam Smith - (Scotland, 18th c.) economist, father of modern econmics, free trade and capitalism
James Cook - (England, 1728–1779) first to map Newfoundland, explored Pacific
Cornelius Vanderbilt - (America, 19th c.) railroad and shipping tycoon
Sir Alexander Mackenzie - (Scotland, 18th c.) fur-trader and explorer, first European to cross North America overland
John Stuart Mill - (England, 1806-1873) philosopher and economist, influential liberal thinker
Andrew Carnegie - (Scotland, 19th c.) pre-eminent American steel magnate, philantropist
John D. Rockefeller - (America, 19th c.) pre-eminent American oil, railroad and banking magnate, philantropist
John Maynard Keynes - (England, 1883-1946) economist and monetary expert, founder of macroeconomics
Coco Chanel (f) - (France, 20th c.) enourmously influential fashion designer, built a fashion empire
Great Engineers
Imhotep - (Egypt, 27th c. BC) vizier of Djoser, architect of Djoser Pyramid, founder of Egyptian medicine and pyramid building
Archimedes - (Greek Italy, 3rd c. BC) widely considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, invented siege engines, claw, sun mirrors
Heron (of Alexandria) - (Ptolemeic Egypt, ?) invented steam engine, fountain, fire engine, siphons
Cai Lun - (China, 1st c.) invented paper
Zhang Heng - (China, 2nd c.) astronomer, mathematician, inventor, scholor who invented the seismograph, celestial globa and odometer
Bi Sheng - (China, 11th c.) invented clay movable type printing
Leonardo da Vinci - (Italy, 15th c.) universal genius, invented airplane, tank, submarine, machine gun, etc
Sinan - (Turkey, 1498?-1578?) greatest Islamic archtitect, built over 300 structures, most notably the Selimiye and the Suleiman Mosques
Wilhelm Schickard - (Germany, 16th c.) built the first automatic calculator
Blaise Pascal - (France, 17th c.) constructed mechanical calculators, studied fluids, probability theory, vacuum
Benjamin Franklin - (America, 18th c.) experimented with electricity, invented Franklin stove, bifocals, catheter, lighting rod, swimfins, odometer
Charles Augustin de Coulomb - (France, 18th c.) did key research in mechanics, electricity and magnetism
James Watt - (Scotland, 18th c.) improved the steam engine
Joseph Marie Jacquard - (France, 18th c.) invented Jacquard loom
Isambard Kingdom Brunel - (England, 1806-1859) built the Thames tunnel, Great Western Railway, numerous famous steamships and bridges (recently voted 2nd
William T. G. Morton - (America, 19th c.) 'invented' anesthesia
Louis Daguerre - (France, 19th c.) invented photography
Ferdinand de Lesseps - (France, 19th c.) built the Suez Canal
John Roebling - (Germany, 19th c.) built brigdes in the US, such as Brooklyn Bridge, Niagara Railway Suspension Brigde, Roebling Suspension Bridge
Norbert Rillieux - (America, 19th c.) African-American inventor based in France, invented multiple-effect evaporator, improved steam engine
Henry Bessemer - (England, 19th c.) prolific inventor, radically improved steel manufacturing
Nain Singh - (India, 19th c.) explored Himalaya's for the British
Alexander Graham Bell - (Scotland, 19th c.) invented the telephone, photophone, metal detector, advanced aviation, hydrofiol technology
Nikolaus August Otto - (Germany, 19th c.) invented the combustion engine and four-stroke Otto cycle
Nichola Tesla - (Austrian Serbia, 19th c.) invented induction motor, alternating current electrical power systems, Tesla coil, bladeless turbine, etc
Thomas Edison - (America, 19th c.) prolific inventor, invented phonograph, kinetoscope, dictaphone, electric bulb, tattoo gun
Guglielmo Marconi - (Italy, 20th c.) contributed to invention of wireless communication technology, invented radio
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel - (France, 1832-1923) build bridges and viaducts, Eiffel Tower, Eiffel Bridge, Statue of Liberty
George Washington Goethals - (America, 20th c.) US Army civil engineer, supervised construction of the Panama Canal
Henry Ford - (America, 20th c.) invented mass production
Wilbur Wright - (America, 20th c.) with his brother Orville, invented powered flight
Orville Wright - (America, 20th c.) with his brother Wilbur, invented powered flight; world's first pilot
Great Generals
Sargon
Nebuchadrezzar
Sun Tzu
Leonidas
Lysander
Chandragupta Maurya
Hamilcar Barca
Gaius Marius
Scipio Africanus
Vercingetorix
Arminius
Cao Cao
Zhuge Liang
Belisarius
Khaled ibn al-Walid
Charles Martel
El Cid
William the Conqueror
Subutai
Timur
Jeanne d'Arc
Pachacuti
Auitzotl
Cortez
Pizarro
Ivan the Terrible
Akbar
Gustavus Adolphus
Michiel de Ruyter
Oliver Cromwell
Eugene of Savoy
Lord Nelson
Geronimo
Robert Lee
Yamamoto
Patton
Montgomery
Guderian
Rommel
Zhukov
Great Spies
Pebekkamen
Ephialtes of Trachis
Jing Ke
Qin Wuyang
Calippus
Leone Alberti
John Barlow
Francis Walsingham
Hattori Hanzo
Balthasar Gerard
Anthony Babington
Ishikawa Goemon
Gaspar Graziani
Guy Fawkes
John Honeyman
Nathan Hale
Charlotte Corday (f)
Giacomo Casanova
Allan Pinkerton
William Melville
Belle Boyd
Sidney Reilly
An Jung-Geun
Claude Dansey
Mata Hari (f)
J. Edgar Hoover
Moe Berg
Ethel Rosenberg (f)
Julius Rosenberg
Claus von Stauffenberg
Suzanne Spaak
William Donovan
Speaker the Lionhearted
Viktor Griph
Nolan Buonarroti (f)
Atlas Titanus
Foshaug the Deceiver
Joe Matise
Eystein the Wise
Daniel Cole
Max Gogf
Mark Swiss