The way a CD works it the issue. Different manufacturers use different laser calibrations, and read certain data on the hub. If you have a CDRW, try using it to play the CD. The BIOS in most newer CDRWs is very flexible, and will adjust the laser to compensate for a very wide variety of disks and conditions.
If you have a CDRW, let me know and I can send or maybe post a free program that will examine the manufacturer and properties of the disk, and might provide useflu info, esp. if the disk is a CDR or CDRW. If it is a pressed cd (e.g., mass produced; silver on bottom, and not R or RW), then the info on the disk is mechanically transferred at time of manufacture from a physical template. If certain data in the hub or lead in is damaged, the disk will be unuseable for most people.
The most vulnerable part of a CD is the TOP, not the BOTTOM (read side). Even a pressure in the wrong spot can ruin any CD (pressed, R, or RW). This is because the data is stored very close to the label side. The bottom side can even be scratched with no data defect... especially if the scratch is radial and not circular relative to the hub.
So... test the disk in another machine. Recover the data and transfer it, if possible, and make a new CD.