gotta be one of the bland ones...
- agriculture (3 field crop rotation to be precise)
- writing (keeping of records, that's a biggie)
- internal combustion engine (cars, tanks, planes... come ON!)
- basic processing engine (whatever the term is for the first computer, the one that was as big as long island)
- compass? I'm stumped there, my navigational knowledge is nill... anything that allows you to traverse vast bodies of water and make it back
here is another top 5
- Völkerwanderung, dunno the english term for that. tribes moving all over indo-europe for -sometimes- no apparent reason.
- Grammar. Imagine the numerous languages present in -not yet existing- european states prior to a published book on grammar. If my memory serves there were 25 million *french* at the time of the french revolution, 6 million of those could converse in french, 3 million could read and write it.
- classical latin and vulgar latin. the origin of the romance languages, first lingua franca and a focus point for europeans during the renaissance.
- charles darwin: of the origin of species (feel free to insert any other groundbraking popular book that opened eyes to science, however ill-perceived or wrong it was)
- any religious movement up unto and including the lutheran reformation.
very euro-centric, apologies