I always find it so weird when arguments like yours simultaneously rail against western constructs of race, then embrace and subvert it by inserting black and brown in place of white. I don't know what "modern" person is being imagined here, but the only people I ever hear using concepts like black and brown in the way you do are from the 1800s and I'd hardly describe them as modern in the way you are using it to contextualise how a "modern" person might recognise these people.
Africa isnt just "black" and Asia isn't just "brown". Most of the inhabitants of Roman north Africa had a considerable genetic overlap with contemporary Anatolians. And contemporary Anatolians were for the large part descendent from the indo-European migration.
Distinctly and recognisably "black" or "brown" people would have been quite rare given the Roman empire didn't stretch to sub Saharan Africa or the southern Indian subcontinent. Such cases would have been limited to merchants and slaves basically.
The vast majority of people in the empire would have been an ethnically ambiguous indo-European olive, with a good smattering of "white" particularly in the latter years of the empire as more and more northern European influence seeped into Rome. I don't know what modern eyes look at anyone from Syria or Morocco or Italy and go "that person is brown", because most skin tones from those regions are still more white than brown and often described as "olive" or "mediterannean".
It really baffles me when people describe Septimius Severus as a black Roman emperor when he was half ethnically Roman, and the other half was a mix of Punic (Anatolian) and north African (mostly Anatolian descent). So he would have been in all likelihood as olive as the previous and next emperors, and if a modern person were presented a line up of Roman emperor's, it would be very difficult to pick out which he was.
Well it's difficult to talk about something that is a social construct without reifying it to some extent. But race being a modern social construct is extremely well documented and researched at this point that I consider it to be as settled as climate change or the earth being round. If you don't agree, there are numerous academic papers on this which can explain the issues better than I can.
I don't think the rest of your post is much to do with what I said. In fact, despite your animus, I think you are partly agreeing with my core point, if I add an addendum just to be utterly utterly clear.
Race is an unscientific invention AND the races that modern people imagine past nations to be are often incorrect (within their idea of race).
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