Wonders in Civ 2 aren't so much based on real places and events as concepts that advanced history. To wit (look these up for more info):
Hanging Gardens: These were built in Babylon in the ancient Babylonian empire (modern Iraq)... they were destroyed in ~550BC when Babylon was conquered by the Persian Empire I think? Anyway, they were quite a site to see and would be a good distraction to the peons of the empire... thus the bonus they give in the game.
Colossus: No clue where that one came from.
Lighthouse: After the great lighthouse of Alexandria... was destroyed after standing for 350 years in 100AD I believe.
Great Library: When ships arrived in Alexandria (which was an excellent and often used port thanks to the lighthouse), the city army would capture it, search for any manuscripts and take them to the Great Library to be copied before returning them and sending the ship on its way... just before it was destroyed, it probably contained a copy of almost every book ever written. By this means, the acquired vast knowledge of other technologies. They say that when it was accidentally burnt, it set technology back a 1000 years. (It was also one of the main reasons for the Dark Ages)
Copernicus Observatory: Copernicus was a Greek Astronomer. This wonder doesn't represent any given Observatory but rather the enlightened mathematical and scientific ideas that came from his works.
J.S Bach's Cathedral: *Ahem* he composed most of his works in a small chapel in Germany I believe... this doesn't represent any church but instead the idea of his compositions.
Isaac Newton's College: This refers to Trinity College in England, one of the many colleges that make up Cambridge University where Isaac Newton was a Fellow and Euclid Professor of Mathematics... and where he wrote his famous works. It still stands to this day... with Newton's position currently by the Prof. Stephen Hawking. It is generally associated with enlightened, modern thinking styles.
Any others you want to know of? Most of them except for the Woman's Suffrage, Cure for Cancer, Darwins Voyage, or King Richard's Crusades (which are concepts and events, not locations) are based on real world locations.
