I am currently playing on monarch difficulty lvl as the celts and right now and although I have the largest land area, im behind in tech, military, and about to become behind in land area compared to the maya cuz they are devouring the ottomans on a huge continent across water. The Ottomans declared war on the maya a long time ago when they had half the land. As soon as I saw them losing their land very noticeably to the Maya, I decided it would be a good idea to slow down the Maya without getting them to declare war on me (last thing I need because I just got cavalry when they started having them like 30 turns ago) So I gave practically all my techs, my salt, iron, and horses to the ottomans so they could put up half a decent fight. This didn't help much! So the next thing I did was to load a settler and a musketman on one of my caravels and landed on the continent. With that I built a city in a space between two mayan cities that was still uncultured and set production to make explorers. I hurried the explorer the next turn and used him to pillage some roads connecting freshly conquered ottoman cities that were NOT inside cultural borders so that the mayan cavalry would waste turns on unconnected land. When I did this the maya mood went from polite to cautious!! Did he know what I was doing????? He declared on me the next turn when I refused to give him dyes - now what! I am like 5 techs behind him researching physics trying VERY hard to get communism in the industrial age. He had riflemen for a while...