The value of the RA is 50% of the median beaker cost of techs available to research at the time the RA expires, including the one being researched. 75% with one of rationalism/PT and 100% with both.
Median is a type of average that basically separates the higher half of a population of numbers from the lower half. If you have 5 numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 100), 3 is the median.
Example:
When the RA expires the following techs are available for research (including the one currently being researched)
Tech 1 (5 turns to research)
Tech 2 (5 turns to research)
Tech 3 (8 turns to research)
Tech 4 (10 turns to research)
Tech 5 (12 turns to research)
The median is 8. So if you don't have rationalism or PT, you get 4 turns of research out of the RA. With one you get 6 turns and with both you get 8 turns.
Whatever this beaker value, it's added to the tech you are currently working on, and any spillover will go towards the next one you have selected.
Figuring out how to manipulate the median is the key to maximizing RA value.