Leonidas I
History
Leonidas I was one of two Kings of Sparta during the middle phase of the Persian War. An able and respected commander, Leonidas was chosen to head up the defense of the pass at Thermopylae, the bulwark that would decide whether or not the armies of Xerxes could enter Boeotia, and then the rest of the Greek mainland. The outnumbered Greek forces held off the Persians for three days, but it was Leonidas’ heroic last stand with his Hippeis of 300 Spartans on the last day that allowed for the escape of the remainder of the Greek force. Though he perished in battle, his sacrifice allowed for the eventual defeat of the Persians.
Early Life
Leonidas was born the third son of the Agiad Spartan King Anaxandridas I, though only the second from his first wife. As such, Leonidas was not expected to take the Spartan throne, and received the typical education of a Spartan boy. Unlike most kings of Sparta, Leonidas went through the full agoge, and lived as a normal, albeit noble Spartan for most of his life. Meanwhile, his two older brothers, Cleomenes and Dorieus, squabbled over the throne. Tensions rose between the half-brothers to the point that Dorieus abandoned Sparta to colonize North Africa and Sicily. His expeditions proved to be his doom— Dorieus was expelled from Libya by Carthage, and killed by Segesta in Sicily.
Cleomenes ascended to the Agiad throne in around 519 BCE and proved to be a dynamic ruler of Sparta. He was one of the first Spartan kings to be truly interested in global affairs, interceding in Athenian politics to overthrow the tyrant Hippias and involving himself in the Ionian Revolt, the first stage of the Persian War. In his efforts to suss out Persian collaborateurs in Greece, he ran afoul of his co-king, Demaratus. Cleomenes then plotted to assassinate Demaratus, but was found out. Cleomenes was exiled, and only re-admitted when he threatened to invade Sparta. He was then imprisoned, where he died, likely by suicide. He was survived by no male heir, leaving behind only his daughter Gorgo, the wife of Leonidas.
The Kingship
Leonidas ascended to the throne in 490 BCE, at the start of a ten year interbellum between the first and second stages of the Persian Wars. Not much is known about Leonidas’ kingship during this period, though it is clear that Sparta did much to prepare for the coming war. It is known that Sparta likely received a wax tablet with a hidden message from the former king Demaratus, who had taken refuge in Persia after being deposed. The tablet likely helped forewarn the Persian invasion of 480 BCE. Before the formal beginning of that phase of the conflict, Leonidas was elected military commander of the entirety of the Greek force, a move that was as much a vindication of Sparta’s prestige within Greece as Leonidas’ renown as an honorable and loyal commander.
The Persian army began its invasion of Greece in earnest in August 480, an inopportune time for the Greek Army. Two ceremonial commitments stymied full participation in the defense of the pass at Thermopylae at the time: the Olympic games and a Spartan Lunar festival known as the Carnea. To fully commit military forces during either of those occasions was highly irregular. Nevertheless, when reports of a Persian advance to the pass became known, the ephors of Sparta allowed Leonidas to lead his Hippeis of 300 bodyguards to defend the pass, the gateway into Greece.
Thermopylae
While pop culture has mythologized the valiant last stand of 300 Spartans against the myriad forces of Persia, the Battle of Thermopylae was actually a longer, more diverse affair. To wit: the 300 Spartans made up a relatively small fraction of the total Greek force. According to Herodotus, the Spartans were joined by 900 Helots or Perioeci, around 3000 other Peloponnesians, 700 Thespians, 400 Thebans, 1000 Phocians, and assorted other Greeks to create a force of 6000 to 7000 soldiers. Of course, this force was still dwarfed by a Persian force that was, even at the smallest estimate, 10 times the size.
Even at a large disadvantage in terms of numerical strength, the Greeks managed to hold their own for two days of battle, largely due to Leonidas’ able command of the phalanx of Spartans that formed the front lines of the Greek force. The positioning of the Greek army, safely ensconced in the mountain pass of Thermopylae, allowed them to avoid dealing with the brunt of the Persian assault at once. The Persians instead had to face a near-impenetrable phalanx head-on.
Unfortunately for the Greeks, there was one flaw in their seemingly-impenetrable mountain fortress. A local shepherd led the Persians to a mountain path from the Persian position that led to the Greek camp. When Persia took this path, Leonidas immediately sprung into action. The vast majority of the Greek force retreated, to ensure the strength of the army in future battles. Leonidas and his 300 Spartans, as well as the Helots, 700 Thespians, and 400 Thebans, remained to hold off the Persians for as long as possible. While Leonidas’ forces held off the Persians valiantly, and allowed for the escape of the remainder of the Greek force, the Persians eventually defeated them, killing all of them save for the Thebans, who surrendered. The Persians, in an act of extreme disrespect, made plans to desecrate Leonidas’ body, crucifying him and putting his severed head on a stake.
Judgment of History
Leonidas was memorialized throughout Sparta and Greece for his valiant sacrifice, especially after the Greek victory in the Persian Wars. At the site of the battle, a monument of a stone lion was erected in honor of the Spartan forces, and Leonidas is believed to be depicted as part of the Acropolis in Athens. His remains were also exhumed and reburied in a hero’s grave in Sparta, and a hero cult existed around his legend for centuries after his death. Western pop culture has remained fascinated with Leonidas’ last stand even to the present day. Two quotations principally define the legacy of Leonidas: “Stranger! To Sparta say, her faithful band
Here lie in death, remembering her command,” the epigram written by the lyric poet Simonides, and “Molon Labe” (“Come and Take It!”

, the defiant response of Leonidas to the advancing Persians.