The balance of power in Northern Europe shifted dramatically as the powerful Islamic Kingdom of Sweden dissolved into civil war in 1467, leaving Russia and France as the two main European powers.
This period also marked the beginning of the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate as one of their greatest generals, Saudi-born Osama bin Laden, was shot in the eye with a crossbow by militant Afghani separatists in 1472.
This renewed period of peace allowed the Ming to restore a small degree of trade. For the first time in the thousands of years that China had been inhabited, her peoples finally learned how to make music at the dawn of the 16th century AD.
Again, this peace proved to be short-lived, as war broke out once more between the Ming and the declining Mongol Dynasty in the north, which had recently emerged from a brutal civil war which had resulted in the secession of the eastern half of the country.
Halfway through the 16th century, the Ming dynasty entered a period of militarization as the Ming Emperor began to lose patience with Mongol forces repeatedly setting fire to sections of his capital. A siege platoon joined a moderate force of Wuzhou elephants and Manchu pikemen in Western China and prepared to move north to destroy the Mongols once and for all. Unfortunately for them, Mongol forces were well prepared and were able to repel the Ming forces despite the superior numbers of the Chinese troops, and they were forced to retreat to Kelamayi.
It was also around this time in China's history that tensions rose with the powerful Independent Empire, which at the time controlled parts of Mongolia, India, and vast tracts of territory in Europe.
China's military defeat in Inner Mongolia in the mid-16th century temporarily ended the Ming hopes of annexing Mongolia. As tensions within the empire rose slowly, the government began to focus on internal developments. The Ming Emperor ordered the construction of a large new palace complex to replace the old one, which had been severely damaged in the war.
It wasn't until near the end of the Ming Dynasty that a formal peace treaty was finally signed with the Mongols, resulting in yet another tense and uncomfortable peace between the two powers.
By 1600, the powerful Abbasid Caliphate, which had controlled a vast territory from North Africa in the west to the Hindu Kush in the East, finally collapsed, as the Safavid Persians claimed a large part of Western Persia and Mesopotamia, while the Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum emerged in the west.
Although the Ming Dynasty would soon come to a quick and brutal end at the hands of the Manchus, the collapse of the Abbasids at the end of the 16th century left China as one of the largest powers in the world, with influence from Central Asia to the Atlantic and from Southern Manchuria to the Jungles of Thailand. Here is a map of the world in 1600, immediately after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate:
Ugly IRL borders because I want =P