The problem appears to be solved by replacing the driver provided by boot camp with an ATI driver. There is still a little white snow remaining, but Civ 4 is playable at last. Thanks a lot for your hints that helped me getting back to one of my favourite games! Instead of using the "Mobility modder" I extracted the driver from the original ATI installer using this How-To I found on discussions.apple.com.
To update your drivers for ATI Radeon 2600 PRO, do the following:
1. Download the latest driver from this website:
http://game.amd.com/us-en/drivers_catalyst.aspx?p=xp/radeonx-xp
2. Unpack everything and "install." What I mean by "install" is that you must do everything you would to install it all the way to the point where the software declines to update due to not recognizing the hardware. This essentially unpacks everything into C:/ATI, which is necessary to update the driver, but this does not install the driver (for some reason).
3. Right-click My Computer, choose Properties. In the pop-up box, click the Hardware tab, and choose Device Manager.
4. In Device Manager, expand the Display adapters branch. You should see the graphics card listed as ATI Mobility Radeon HD 2600 XT. Right-click it, and choose Update Driver.
5. Hardware Update Wizard pops up and asks if you want to use the Internet to find the driver online. Choose No, not this time. Similarly, in the next window, choose Install from a list or specific location (Advanced) when asked how do you want to install the driver. In the window next, choose "Don't search. I will choose the driver to install".
6. In the next window, choose "Have disk". A window pops up; click Browse. Locate file using this approximate address: C:/ATI/Support/(whatever the download file was titled here)/Driver/Driver/XP_INF/CX_53250.inf. The file may not be the same name, but choose whatever INF file is in there. This file lists all of the graphics card by ATI up to the release date of the download. Click Open, and then OK. In the list brought up by the INF file, find ATI Radeon HD 2600 PRO.
7. The point of no return, sorta: Click Yes if you want to update, click No if you don't. The pop-up is just saying that if it's the wrong driver, features of the graphics card will not work properly. Just to let you know, I have not had snowing or black screen since updating. If you're worried, you can test drive and revert the change later by Roll Back Driver.
8. If you updated, restart Windows for the change to take effect.