Hermes et al. said:
A few litigants have successfully challenged the denial of media credentials, though usually under special circumstances. See, e.g., Sherrill v. Knight, 569 F.2d 124, 129 (DC Cir. 1977) (denial of White House credential violated the First and Fifth Amendments when done without any indicated standards or an opportunity to respond); United Teachers of Dade v. Stierheim, 213 F. Supp. 2d 1368 (S.D. Fla. 2002) (school's exclusion of teacher union publication from press room violated First Amendment as a viewpoint-based discrimination); Quad-City Cmty. News Serv., Inc. v. Jebens, 334 F. Supp. 8, 17 (S.D. Iowa 1971) (denying press credentials for reasons that were "either vague or completely unknown" violated Fourteenth Amendment due process); Weinberg v. Chicago Blackhawk Hockey Team, Inc., 653 N.E.2d 1322, 1325 (Ill. App. Ct. 1995) (hockey magazine stated cause of action under Illinois antitrust law when the Chicago Blackhawks refused the magazine access while simultaneously publishing their own competing magazine); but see Wisc. Interscholastic Athletic Ass'n v. Gannett Co., Inc., 658 F.3d 614 (7th Cir. 2011) (restricting coverage of sporting events and other substantive coverage as condition of press access did not violate First Amendment).