No news in Bulgaria is new. Since the beginning of the Bulgarian Rose Revolution, there has been total chaos in the country. Foreign occupation began quickly after the fall of the old communist regime, each occupying force declaring the benevolent intention to restore peace and order. But the interim government they had set up fell apart and again there was no government.
Street battles have become commonplace in Sofia, the capital, and other cities and towns of the nation. New political parties have formed and established their own paramilitary groups to ensure that their own campaigns are not dispersed by the others, and to take the political battle to the streets and show that their own party is the only one strong enough to defend itself and, when worse comes to worst, Bulgaria.
Among the political groups and their paramilitary forces, as of
January, are:
1. Bulgarian Communist Party - the BCP seeks to restore the pre-Revolution dictatorship, and is highly totalitarian in nature. The BCP has little popular support, even among the proletariat or peasantry. Its band of thugs is known as the "Red Guards".
2. Bulgarian People's Democratic Party - the BPDP is a communist party as well, but this one endorses the Democratic Communism (DemoCommunism). They have substantial support amongst the urban proletariat. The BPDP's street-fighters call themselves the "Rose Reds", acknowledging that the Rose Revolution's success means that Communism must be democratic.
3. Agrarian Socialist Party - the ASP is another left-wing party, also believing, like the BPDP, that the Rose Revolution brought to light necessity for a DemoCommunist regime. However, the Agrarian Socialists endorse an economic system favoring the agrarian countryside peasantry. Because of this, they have a majority of their support from the farmers. The ASP's protectors call themselves the "Pitchfork Army", because its members use pitchforks and farm tools as weapons, and they roam the countryside, with some occasional incursions into provincial towns.
4. Bulgarian Democratic Party - the BDP is a party that promotes capitalism and wishes to completely do away with any vestiges of the old Communism, democratic or totalitarian. The BDP instead wants a capitalistic Two-Party Democracy, with one party addressing the needs of the middle and upper classes and another addressing the needs of the lower classes, with themselves as the former and either the People's Democrats or Agrarian Socialists as the latter. The Democrats' main base of support is the middle-class. The BDP is the one major party that does not have a paramilitary group of its own, though its leaders are considering forming one due to recent assaults on party meetings by the Red Guards.
5. Popular Election Party - the PEP is quite similar to the BDP - their primary following is middle-class. However, the Popular Electionists believe in a Multi-Party Democracy as the only true democratic system. Between the two democratic parties, it is the PEP that enjoys more support. Also, overall, it seems that the Popular Election Party actually has a slight - very slight - majority of support, if a parliamentary or presidential election were to take place immediately. To protect its interests and ensure that their followers aren't intimidated by the other parties, the Popular Electionists have assembled the "Freedom Corps" militia.
6. National Union - The National Unionists are the leading Fascist party in Bulgaria. For peasants and proletarians that had been disappointed and betrayed by Communism, the NU seems to offer salvation. Some bankers and a few upper middle-class groups support the National Unionists' cause. What the NU lacks, however, is a charismatic leader, and throughout the party's rank-and-file, petty rivalries threaten to buckle the party completely. The "Browntroopers" are the NU's militia.
At least 20 other smaller parties are also competing for power.
By
March, the People's Democrats and Agrarian Socialists have allied together.
Violence between them and most everyone else continues.
In
June in Sofia, where battles are most brutal, the leaderships of the parties have agreed to meet and try to work out a provisional government.
Deliberations lasted for 4 long days, during which street violence subsided somewhat, though looting of stores continued.
Finally, in what they called the June Council Protocol, the 6 leading parties, as well as the 20-something smaller political groups, drafted an agreement for a provisional government to facilitate a referendum to decide what government shall rule Bulgaria:
CLAUSE 1. The Provisional Executive Council will consist of 50 Councillors, who are to be representatives of the political parties vying for power.
CLAUSE 2. The Communists, People's Democrats, Agrarian Socialists, Democrats, People's Electionists, and National Unionists will each have 5 Councillors on the Provisional Executive Council. The remaining 20 smaller parties will each have 1 Councillor.
CLAUSE 3. The Provisional Executive Council will come upon national issues, internal and external, by a manner of vote. A proposed legislation needs at least 30 out of 50 "yea" votes to pass.
PARAGRAPH 3A. Any economic alterations and legislations must be approved by a popular referendum in addition to a 30/50 Council vote. If it doesn't pass 67% approval in referendum, the economic legislations will not pass.
PARAGRAPH 3B. No political party may be banned at any time before the government referendum by the Provisional Executive Council.
CLAUSE 4. Occupying forces will be permitted to help maintain order in Bulgaria while the Bulgarian Army begins re-forming.
CLAUSE 5. In 12 months, a referendum must be held to decide on what sort of government Bulgaria shall adopt.
PARAGRAPH 5A. Government choices include: Totalitarian Communism, Democratic Communism, Two-Party Democracy, Multi-Party Democracy, and Fascism.
PARAGRAPH 5B. No minimum percentage of votes is necessary to choose any government. Whichever form of government is chosen by more people than any other individual form shall become Bulgaria's adopted form of government
CLAUSE 6. Before disbanding in favor of the newly-elected government in 12 months, the Provisional Executive Council must negotiate a withdrawal treaty with Russia, the USE, and Greece. Should an agreement not be reached by the Provisional Executive Council by the time the new government takes power, it will be the new government's duty to negotiate foreign withdrawal.
CLAUSE 7. Political parties may campaign during the 12 months between now and the government referendum to try and gather support for whatever their political cause may be.
CLAUSE 8. During the Provisional Executive Council's rule, paramilitary groups may continue to function as long as the Council's meetings and directives are not hampered or ignored.
CLAUSE 9. 2 months prior to the referendum, all paramilitary groups must cease activity to prevent intimidation. Any group that fails to do so and continues intimidating political opponents and voters will immediately be connected to their political party and that party's proposed government will immediately by nullified as a potential choice.
Though some of the fighting toned down for a while, it is unknown whether this peace will last. As of
August, all the parties are campaigning, using their paramilitary to fend off competitors' spies or thugs and protect meetings, as well as of course go on the occasional intimidation and terror campaign, so if it is a peace, it is very unstable...