Louis XXIV
Le Roi Soleil
Also, I doubt 18th century armies were truly all that well-equipped for insurgent warfare fighting their own population in the streets of their own city.
Also, I doubt 18th century armies were truly all that well-equipped for insurgent warfare fighting their own population in the streets of their own city.
He handled fighting in Russian wilderness with half a million army and low supplies far worse, however, which ended in defeat.
Or, maybe he could stop being pretentious after conquering half of Europe and seeing Russia not blockading some guys on an island while the said people were also attacking him in Spain and taking names.
Yes. That's what I just said.
Cheezy the Wiz said:However, Mongol rule in Russia did a great deal to permanently tarnish the European image of Russia and Russians. Even today people invoke the image of The Brutal Asiatics when discussing Russia and Russians, Lenin, Stalin, Putin, etc. Although by Mongol times that was already A Thing in itself, they just used Scythians, the horse-riding nomadic steppe terrors of Antiquity, instead of the Mongols, the horse-riding nomadic steppe terrors of the Medieval world. But as I said, I think this rhetoric is mostly a disguise for vested material interests, and did very little to actually dictate the course of history or the actions of individuals; some people obviously notwithstanding.
Xardas said:Ancient remains of individuals who had blond hair were identified by scientists at archaeological sites of Oust-Abakansty (Khakassia Republic, Russia) and Solenoozernaïa IV (Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia). They died around 1800 BC - 1400 BC and belonged to Andronovo Culture. Their skin pigmentation was identified as fair or medium and their eyes as blue or green. Their hair was blond. Two other individuals from the same burial site at Solenoozernaïa IV were identified as having brown hair - one of them had brown eyes and fair or medium skin. Another individual from Andronovo Culture - found at Tatarka cemetery (Charypovsky Region, Russia) - was identified as fair or medium skin, dark brown hair and brown eyes.
Two individuals of Karasuk Culture, 1400 BC - 800 BC (Oust-Abakansty and Bogratsky, both in Khakassia) were blue or green eyed.
By comparison, so far no hunter-gatherer pre-Indo-European remains from Scandinavia were identified as having blond hair.
Out of 10 human male remains assigned to the Andronovo horizon from the Krasnoyarsk region, 9 possessed the R1a Y-chromosome haplogroup and one the haplogroup C-M130 (xC3). mtDNA haplogroups of nine individuals assigned to the same Andronovo horizon and region were as follows: U4 (2 individuals), U2e, U5a1, Z, T1, T4, H, and K2b.
90% of the Bronze Age period mtDNA haplogroups were of west Eurasian origin and the study determined that at least 60% of the individuals overall (out of the 26 Bronze and Iron Age human remains' samples of the study that could be tested) had light hair and blue or green eyes.[19]
A 2004 study also established that, during the Bronze/Iron Age period, the majority of the population of Kazakhstan (part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age), was of west Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages.[20]
Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age
(...)
In the same way, the patrilineal gene pool revealed the presence of different haplogroups (Q1a2a1-L54, R1a1a1b2-Z93 and C), probably marking different origins for the male paternal lineages. To go further in the search of the origin of these ancient specimens, phenotypical characters (i.e. hair and eye color) were determined. For this purpose, we adapted the HIrisPlex assay recently described to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. In addition, some ancestry informative markers were analyzed with this assay. The results revealed mixed phenotypes among this group confirming the probable admixed ancestry of the studied Altaian population at the Middle Bronze Age.
Xardas said:Cro-Magnons lived also in Russia - for example in Sunghir, 200 km east of Moscow (see the video):
Link to video.
They were part of the eastern branch of the Gravettian Culture (which extended from France to Russia):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian
Cro-Magnon site at Sunghir (also spelled Sungir), 200 km east of Moscow:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungir
Another video with reconstructed Cro-Magnons:
Link to video.
The very light skin tone found in modern Northern Europeans is a relatively recent phenomenon,[36] and may have only appeared in the European line as recently as 6 to 12 thousand years ago[37] indicating Cro-Magnons had light brown to tanned-skin.[38] Sequencing of finds of the late post ice-age hunter-gatherer populations in Europe indicate the Cro-Magnons likely had blue eyes and dark hair, and an "olive" complexion.[39][40] A small ivory bust of a man found at Dolní Věstonice and dated to 26,000 years indicates the Cro-Magnons had straight hair, though the somewhat later Venus of Brassempouy may show wavy or curly hair, possibly braided.
Xardas said:Two hunter-gatherer individuals from Sweden - one from Gotland (Pitted Ware Culture) and one from Motala (Mesolithic) were identified as having blue eyes. The one from Gotland - despite blue eyes - had dark skin, while the one from Motala had probably fair skin, but it wasn't determined for sure (and hair colour also couldn't be established). Another Mesolithic individual with blue eyes was discovered at Loschbour in Luxembourg, but skin was dark and hair was dark brown or black. Yet another Mesolithic individual with blue eyes was discovered at La Braña-Arintero in Spain, but hair was dark and skin was dark. All in all, so far there is no evidence that blond hair was in Scandinavia earlier than it was in Russia.
Source of the info posted above
The site is generally dated to the 17th century BC. Earlier dates, up to the 20th century BC, have been proposed.
Darius I of Persia said:A great god is Ahuramazda, who created this earth, who created yonder sky, who created man, who created happiness for man, who made Darius king, one king of many, one lord of many. I am Darius the great king, king of kings, king of countries containing all kinds of men, king in this great earth far and wide, son of Hystaspes, an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, an Aryan, having Aryan lineage.
The satem IE languages (which have the sibilant where the centum equivalents have the velar) include Baltic, Slavic, Armenian and Indo-Iranian.
Nah, far from it. My knowledge is mainly general trivia
A bit splitting off from the Rants thread, but I kind of was like "whaa, was everything I thought before a lie?".
So. Before Treaty of Westphalia, how did the international treaties and relations manifest?