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<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_PHYLOGENTICS</Tag>
<English>Phylogenetics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_PHYLOGENTICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>In biology, phylogenetics /?fa?lo?d??'n?t?ks, -l?-/(Greek: ????, ????? - phylé, phylon = tribe, clan, race + ????????? - genetikós = origin, source, birth) is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms (e.g. species, or populations). These relationships are discovered through phylogenetic inference methods that evaluate observed heritable traits, such as DNA sequences or morphology under a model of evolution of these traits. The result of these analyses is a phylogeny (also known as a phylogenetic tree) - a diagrammatic hypothesis about the history of the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms.[4] The tips of a phylogenetic tree can be living organisms or fossils, and represent the "end," or the present, in an evolutionary lineage. Phylogenetic analyses have become central to understanding biodiversity, evolution, ecology, and genomes.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_CLADISTICS</Tag>
<English>Cladistics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_CLADISTICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Cladistics (from Greek ??????, klados, i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors. Therefore, members of a group are assumed to share a common history and are considered to be closely related.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_BIO_SYSTEMATICS</Tag>
<English>Biological Systematics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_BIO_SYSTEMATICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Biological systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phylogenies have two components: branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ETYMOLOGY</Tag>
<English>Etymology (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ETYMOLOGY_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Etymology (/??t.?'m?l.?.d?i/) is the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time. By extension, the term "the etymology (of a word)" means the origin of the particular word.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_PHONETICS</Tag>
<English>Phonetics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_PHONETICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Phonetics (pronounced /f?'n?t?ks/, from the Greek: ????, phone, 'sound, voice') is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or-in the case of sign languages-the equivalent aspects of sign. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs (phones): their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_GRAPHETICS</Tag>
<English>Graphetics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_GRAPHETICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Graphetics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the analysis of the physical properties of shapes used in writing.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_STATISTICS</Tag>
<English>Statistics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_STATISTICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or social problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_COMBINATORICS</Tag>
<English>Combinatorics (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_COMBINATORICS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Combinatorics is a branch of mathematics concerning the study of finite or countable discrete structures. Aspects of combinatorics include counting the structures of a given kind and size (enumerative combinatorics), deciding when certain criteria can be met, and constructing and analyzing objects meeting the criteria (as in combinatorial designs and matroid theory), finding "largest", "smallest", or "optimal" objects (extremal combinatorics and combinatorial optimization), and studying combinatorial structures arising in an algebraic context, or applying algebraic techniques to combinatorial problems (algebraic combinatorics).</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_MATH_ANALYSIS</Tag>
<English>Mathematical Analysis (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_MATH_ANALYSIS_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Mathematical analysis is the branch of mathematics dealing with limits and related theories, such as differentiation, integration, measure, infinite series, and analytic functions.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_DIFFERENTIAL_GEOMETRY</Tag>
<English>Differential Geometry (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_DIFFERENTIAL_GEOMETRY_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Differential geometry is a mathematical discipline that uses the techniques of differential calculus, integral calculus, linear algebra and multilinear algebra to study problems in geometry. The theory of plane and space curves and surfaces in the three-dimensional Euclidean space formed the basis for development of differential geometry during the 18th century and the 19th century.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ANALYTIC_GEOMETRY</Tag>
<English>Analytic Geometry (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ANALYTIC_GEOMETRY_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>In classical mathematics, analytic geometry, also known as coordinate geometry, or Cartesian geometry, is the study of geometry using a coordinate system. This contrasts with synthetic geometry.</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ALGEBRAIC_GEOMETRY</Tag>
<English>Algebraic Geometry (Subfield)</English>
</TEXT>
<TEXT>
<Tag>TXT_KEY_BUILDING_ALGEBRAIC_GEOMETRY_PEDIA</Tag>
<English>Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics, classically studying zeros of multivariate polynomials. Modern algebraic geometry is based on the use of abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, for solving geometrical problems about these sets of zeros.</English>
</TEXT>
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