Perceptions of Douglas MacArthur

What is your view of General MacArthur?


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The French were occupied during the war and their officers who turned against the government were held up as national heroes. Remember that in 1958 the person who ended up ruling France arbitrarily was the same man who had overthrown the government in 1945 and refused to acknowledge Vichy authority before that.
 
The French were occupied during the war and their officers who turned against the government were held up as national heroes. Remember that in 1958 the person who ended up ruling France arbitrarily was the same man who had overthrown the government in 1945 and refused to acknowledge Vichy authority before that.
I remember. De Gaulle is highly-respected by what is left of the centre over here.
 
We do have the French instigating a military coup as recently as 1958, and attempting another one in 1964. You'd know better than me, but I don't think the modern British and French systems are that different.

Actually, De Gaulle was contacted in 1958 by would-be coup d'étatists and ended up preventing said coup d'état. Also, of course, 'the French' do not instigate military coups. That appears to be the military's cup of tea.

The French were occupied during the war and their officers who turned against the government were held up as national heroes. Remember that in 1958 the person who ended up ruling France arbitrarily was the same man who had overthrown the government in 1945 and refused to acknowledge Vichy authority before that.

It would be more appropriate to say that the legally dubious Vichy government was ousted by the Western Allies advance than by a single man.

I think anyone who has studied the Pacific War in detail would probably hold the same opinion. I know I do.

On what grounds specifically should MacArthur have been court martialled?
 
Actually, De Gaulle was contacted in 1958 by would-be coup d'étatists and ended up preventing said coup d'état. Also, of course, 'the French' do not instigate military coups. That appears to be the military's cup of tea.
This is a common, yet incorrect, belief. De Gaulle, in fact, planned a military coup in his own favour, where several generals would take power, then request his leadership. When information was 'inadvertently' leaked to the Parlement about this, they pre-empted by requesting De Gaulle take power.

And stop being such a ridiculous pedant.

It would be more appropriate to say that the legally dubious Vichy government was ousted by the Western Allies advance than by a single man.
Considering De Gaulle overthrew the occupation authority the US tried to set up, it's far from inaccurate, even for an obvious pedant like yourself.

On what grounds specifically should MacArthur have been court martialled?
Dereliction of duty, lying to a superior officer, failure to carry out direct orders from a superior officer, failure to carry out his pre-arranged war plan, hiding evidence of his own failures, sneding false and inaccuracte information via communiques to his superiors, destruction of evidence of his own culpability, attempting to pin the blame for his own failures on junior officers, possibly treason. You only get treason when you add Quezon's payment, and I don't believe that was known until well after MacArthur's death.
 
It would be more appropriate to say that the legally dubious Vichy government was ousted by the Western Allies advance than by a single man.

Quite, but I'm talking about group psychology rather than necessarily historical truth. The national myth, as peddled to French officers in training and would-be-officers, is that De Gaulle is a hero because he opposed the government. This means that French officers have a role model encouraging them to act against what they see as an illegitimate government, which British officers do not have. As such, I think the French army's tendency to launch military coups is exceptional, and the general rule that military officers naturally tend to want to obey the law is sound.
 
Quite, but I'm talking about group psychology rather than necessarily historical truth. The national myth, as peddled to French officers in training and would-be-officers, is that De Gaulle is a hero because he opposed the government. This means that French officers have a role model encouraging them to act against what they see as an illegitimate government, which British officers do not have. As such, I think the French army's tendency to launch military coups is exceptional, and the general rule that military officers naturally tend to want to obey the law is sound.
That's an excellent point. Let's not forget, however, that De Gaulle had just as much claim to be the legal head of the French state in 1940 as Petain did, given that Petain violated the constitution, leaving De Gaulle and Moulon as the only two cabinet ministers who could claim to be part of the pre-war government legally. I doubt the average French soldier understands that though.
 
As such, I think the French army's tendency to launch military coups is exceptional, and the general rule that military officers naturally tend to want to obey the law is sound.

I fear you may have that reversed. I don't think we've hit the stage yet where most nations' military officers implicitly respect civilian authority. The UK officer corps is probably more exceptional in this than the French.
 
This is a common, yet incorrect, belief. De Gaulle, in fact, planned a military coup in his own favour, where several generals would take power, then request his leadership. When information was 'inadvertently' leaked to the Parlement about this, they pre-empted by requesting De Gaulle take power.

And stop being such a ridiculous pedant.

Indeed. It's not a 'common, yet incorrect, belief', as you seem to claim. There werecontacts from both parliamentarians and military with De Gaulle (who had no coup plan, I'm not sure what source you base this on). since he appeared to have the confidence of both, De Gaulle accepted to try what the republic up to this point was unable to do: to solve the Algerian question.

You are of course free to claim otherwise, but the onus then falls to you for providing any evidence supporting your theory.

Considering De Gaulle overthrew the occupation authority the US tried to set up, it's far from inaccurate, even for an obvious pedant like yourself.

This is another interesting interpretation of events. De Gaulle replaced the 'occupation authority' with his own cabinet, as far as I know. Much as happened with other former occupied countries. How this amounts to an 'overthrowing' of occupation authorities is somewhat beyond me. But I'm sure you can explain this satisfactorily.

I'll ignore the pointless ad hominems if you don't mind.

Dereliction of duty, lying to a superior officer, failure to carry out direct orders from a superior officer, failure to carry out his pre-arranged war plan, hiding evidence of his own failures, sneding false and inaccuracte information via communiques to his superiors, destruction of evidence of his own culpability, attempting to pin the blame for his own failures on junior officers, possibly treason. You only get treason when you add Quezon's payment, and I don't believe that was known until well after MacArthur's death.

Well, that's quite the list. I wonder why nobody bothered to start an investigation.

Quite, but I'm talking about group psychology rather than necessarily historical truth. The national myth, as peddled to French officers in training and would-be-officers, is that De Gaulle is a hero because he opposed the government. This means that French officers have a role model encouraging them to act against what they see as an illegitimate government, which British officers do not have. As such, I think the French army's tendency to launch military coups is exceptional, and the general rule that military officers naturally tend to want to obey the law is sound.

It's a good thing you're not pretending to speak about historical truth then. Seeing as the Vichy government was basically a Nazi puppet, it would seem that the likes of De Gaulle make for a better role model than those who accepted Vichy as legitimate - including such people as the Mitterand, who was a public servant under Vichy. I'm also not quite sure what 'the French army's tendency to launch military coups' is supposed to refer to exactly. The planned coup of '58 was primarily based on the army in Algeria. Effectively, it never took place.
 
Indeed. It's not a 'common, yet incorrect, belief', as you seem to claim. There werecontacts from both parliamentarians and military with De Gaulle (who had no coup plan, I'm not sure what source you base this on). since he appeared to have the confidence of both, De Gaulle accepted to try what the republic up to this point was unable to do: to solve the Algerian question.

You are of course free to claim otherwise, but the onus then falls to you for providing any evidence supporting your theory.
Operation: Resurrection.

De Gaulle was in direct contact with Massu about this. This has been recognised for decades; I believe there may have been some correspondence between the two that has been found, but am unsure on this point.

You should be less aggressive in your posts, please, especially when you're wrong.

This is another interesting interpretation of events. De Gaulle replaced the 'occupation authority' with his own cabinet, as far as I know. Much as happened with other former occupied countries. How this amounts to an 'overthrowing' of occupation authorities is somewhat beyond me. But I'm sure you can explain this satisfactorily.
The Americans initially attempted to set up their own occupational authority. De Gaulle simply set up his own authority, which was all the French wanted anyway. Eventually, even the anti-De Gaulle FDR got the point, and stopped trying to fight the fait accompli the Fighting French were presenting him, much to his own army's relief.

I'll ignore the pointless ad hominems if you don't mind.
Calling you a pedant is not an ad hominem. Claiming that your argument was wrong due to that pedantry would be an ad hominem. I am not claiming that. I'm claiming that your pedantry was unnecessary; you knew what Flying Pig meant by his comment. Just as you knew what I meant in my post you quoted in that response. It is utterly pointless pedantry, and simply aggravates people to no good effect, in a similar fashion to grammar Nazis.


Well, that's quite the list. I wonder why nobody bothered to start an investigation.
There were several, actually. The Army investigation deliberately focused on Pearl Harbor to avoid any fallout hitting Stimson and Marshall over the changes to the Pacific War Plan that made the Philippines an irresistible and indefensible target. I believe there were two attempts by the Republicans to launch investigations into the fall of the Philippines, one before FDR's death and one shortly thereafter, which the Democrats blocked for similar reasons, especially since FDR personally signed off on the change in strategy; to be fair, he only did so on Marshall's recommendation. The Navy didn't investigate because it didn't really lose anything except a harbour that it never expected to keep anyway.

Despite this, there was an investigation into MacArthur's actions. The evidence of the the official Army historian mysteriously vanished in the evacuation to Corregidor, and MacArthur's testimony, and that of his Chief-of Staff, clashed with that of numerous junior officers, as well as General Brereton, the commander of MacArthur's aerial forces. Due to the differing testimony and the lack of corroborating records, no charges were laid.
 
Operation: Resurrection.

De Gaulle was in direct contact with Massu about this. This has been recognised for decades; I believe there may have been some correspondence between the two that has been found, but am unsure on this point.

You should be less aggressive in your posts, please, especially when you're wrong.

Perhaps you should take your own advice for once. Having read a rather solid biography on De Gaulle in French, I was well aware of this. It's nothing new, contrary to what you seem to think: "this has been recognised for decades", your own words. From your own quote of my words it should have been obvious that these contacts were known.

The Americans initially attempted to set up their own occupational authority. De Gaulle simply set up his own authority, which was all the French wanted anyway. Eventually, even the anti-De Gaulle FDR got the point, and stopped trying to fight the fait accompli the Fighting French were presenting him, much to his own army's relief.

I'm sure you are aware that the Allies only grudgingly accepted De Gaulle as representative of the free French - in part because of his own undiplomatic behaviour, which has remained his trademark when president. I'm not sure how De Gaulle, being De Gaulle, deciding to set up the French government for himself amounts to a coup. But if setting up democratic government instead of military occupation represents a coup in your judgement, than I have little problem with that. (De Gaulle himself soon regretted his actions, withdrawing from active politics within a few years of his reorganizing civil government.) His behaviour towards the French republic - which he held in very high regard, contrary to the Vichy dictatorship - has, in fact been rather consistent. In '58 he returned and solved by instituting the present day presidential republic, the Algerian crisis. and when confronted by a downvote to his own referendum after '68, he retired for the last time from active politics. Contrary to the peculiar idea of French military being prone to military coups (which ones? one might ask), De Gaulle represents the spirit of the French military in support of democratic government. It takes some rather twisted arguing to arrive at the opposite conclusion.

And once again I'll ignore your personal innuendo.

There were several, actually. The Army investigation deliberately focused on Pearl Harbor to avoid any fallout hitting Stimson and Marshall over the changes to the Pacific War Plan that made the Philippines an irresistible and indefensible target. I believe there were two attempts by the Republicans to launch investigations into the fall of the Philippines, one before FDR's death and one shortly thereafter, which the Democrats blocked for similar reasons, especially since FDR personally signed off on the change in strategy; to be fair, he only did so on Marshall's recommendation. The Navy didn't investigate because it didn't really lose anything except a harbour that it never expected to keep anyway.

Despite this, there was an investigation into MacArthur's actions. The evidence of the the official Army historian mysteriously vanished in the evacuation to Corregidor, and MacArthur's testimony, and that of his Chief-of Staff, clashed with that of numerous junior officers, as well as General Brereton, the commander of MacArthur's aerial forces. Due to the differing testimony and the lack of corroborating records, no charges were laid.

How unfortunate that in part politically motivated and politcally thwarted attempts came to naught. One wonders how such a man could have risen through the ranks in the first place - and given the task of reorganizing Japan's democracy. At any rate, as your own resume explains, there was no court martial.
 
Perhaps you should take your own advice for once. Having read a rather solid biography on De Gaulle in French, I was well aware of this. It's nothing new, contrary to what you seem to think: "this has been recognised for decades", your own words. From your own quote of my words it should have been obvious that these contacts were known.
So you concede the point that De Gaulle had a hand in planning a military coup to place himself in power in 1958?


I'm sure you are aware that the Allies only grudgingly accepted De Gaulle as representative of the free French - in part because of his own undiplomatic behaviour, which has remained his trademark when president. I'm not sure how De Gaulle, being De Gaulle, deciding to set up the French government for himself amounts to a coup. But if setting up democratic government instead of military occupation represents a coup in your judgement, than I have little problem with that. (De Gaulle himself soon regretted his actions, withdrawing from active politics within a few years of his reorganizing civil government.) His behaviour towards the French republic - which he held in very high regard, contrary to the Vichy dictatorship - has, in fact been rather consistent. In '58 he returned and solved by instituting the present day presidential republic, the Algerian crisis. and when confronted by a downvote to his own referendum after '68, he retired for the last time from active politics. Contrary to the peculiar idea of French military being prone to military coups (which ones? one might ask), De Gaulle represents the spirit of the French military in support of democratic government. It takes some rather twisted arguing to arrive at the opposite conclusion.
This is a strawman. Multiple strawmen, to be exact. I never once said that De Gaulle wasn't a democrat, nor did I say the French were particularly prone to military coups. He planned a coup in 1958 - the leglislature recognised that changes needed to be made, and recalled him to power before the coup, as it was obvious what would happen if the did not - to avert a civil war caused by the very weak democracy of the Fourth Republic, and his effective coup - in reality, it was mostly his supporters on the ground - against the American occupational authority in 1944 was replacing two unrepresentative regimes; a military occupational authority which often dealt with Vichyites, and the unconstitutional, dictatorial, quisling government of Vichy itself.

These are both pro-democracy coups, which are attempted from time to time in dictatorships, but almost never as successful as in France last century. A few Latin American coups spring to mind, but there were far more of the opposite, and most dictatorships fall through evolution or revolution, rather than coups.

And once again I'll ignore your personal innuendo.
Then please stop being overly pedantic and using strawmen. I'm not using either tactic on you, nor did I use any ad hominems earlier, which, as you didn't pursue the argument here, I guess you have conceded.

How unfortunate that in part politically motivated and politcally thwarted attempts came to naught. One wonders how such a man could have risen through the ranks in the first place - and given the task of reorganizing Japan's democracy. At any rate, as your own resume explains, there was no court martial.
He did an excellent job reorganising Japan. He organised it too well, in fact; he instituted the idea of a peaceful Japan so well that when the Korean War broke out, and many American officials wanted to re-arm the island nation, the Japanese weren't interested. Many of the conservative politicians MacArthur barred from office, and even imprisoned, were also recalled to power by his replacement, due to their clout with vested business interests, which the US needed now. MacArthur was also very lenient on the Japanese Socialists and Communists, which caused him problems in his quest for the Republican Presidential nomination.

MacArthur rose through the ranks through a combination of his father' name and genuine talent; the man was a pretty good mid-level officer, and had a talent for administration. Eisenhower was MacArthur's Chief of Staff in Manila at one point, and credited MacArthur with teaching him how to be a good administrator. He was also very brave; he often led his men fro the front during WWI, and tried to do the same during WWII, only to be talked down by his own men, who knew that the most-senior general in the East Asian region was too valuable to risk on he front lines.

MacArthur's positive attributes got him promoted. His negative attributes far outweighed those attributes, but in peacetime they were largely ignorable; he was hardly the only general to have a huge ego, he was safely tucked away in the Philippines for most of the inter-war period, he obeyed the orders of the Republican Administrations of the time without question - leading to the much-maligned Bonus Army incident - and his too-close relationship with various Philippines officials went unnoticed by his superiors.

Once war broke out, however, he was hopelessly out of his depth, and his huge ego led him to try to disguise this through lies, fabrications, and obfuscations. I he'd spent his career as a staff officer, he'd have likely been a very good one. The same as a noncom. But he was not cut out to be a general, and certainly not a five-star general in charge of the entire Pacific War. He was able to hide his faults long enough to make himself irreplaceable, however, and this led to his appointment as SCOP-J (Supreme Commander Occupying Powers - Japan) immediately after the war. By then his superiors knew of his faults, but it would have been politically difficult to remove him; as soon as he slipped up with Truman, he was ousted, and rightly so.
 
MacArthur rose through the ranks through a combination of his father' name and genuine talent; the man was a pretty good mid-level officer, and had a talent for administration. Eisenhower was MacArthur's Chief of Staff in Manila at one point, and credited MacArthur with teaching him how to be a good administrator. He was also very brave; he often led his men fro the front during WWI, and tried to do the same during WWII, only to be talked down by his own men, who knew that the most-senior general in the East Asian region was too valuable to risk on he front lines.

MacArthur's positive attributes got him promoted.

I think this is a problem that we've had in the British Army as well. We know on an intellectual level that the best way to get a job done is usually to give your subordinates objectives, explain to them why those objectives are being sought and then give them a high degree of freedom to choose how they carry them out. This holds true more reliably the larger the number of men involved. But at all levels we promote individual bravery and hands-on leadership - you can't have any large group of people doing anything, including cleaning up a parade square, without hearing 'NCOs, get amongst them'. It's the same with courage; we lionise those colonels and generals who fight at the front and lead in person, but actually by doing so they're doing a job which one of their subordinates is already in place to do, and more often than not they're compromising their ability to direct the whole battle. It's flashy and makes for good stories, but it's not good leadership.
 
I think this is a problem that we've had in the British Army as well. We know on an intellectual level that the best way to get a job done is usually to give your subordinates objectives, explain to them why those objectives are being sought and then give them a high degree of freedom to choose how they carry them out. This holds true more reliably the larger the number of men involved. But at all levels we promote individual bravery and hands-on leadership - you can't have any large group of people doing anything, including cleaning up a parade square, without hearing 'NCOs, get amongst them'. It's the same with courage; we lionise those colonels and generals who fight at the front and lead in person, but actually by doing so they're doing a job which one of their subordinates is already in place to do, and more often than not they're compromising their ability to direct the whole battle. It's flashy and makes for good stories, but it's not good leadership.
I absolutely agree with you. MacArthur would have been a very good noncom, or even a Lieutenant, but certainly not a General.
 
That's part of the problem, though. In order to get a shot at being an adjutant (Capt.), Company or Battalion Commander (Maj. and Lt-Col.) you've got to do well at being a platoon commander (2Lt.). In other words, your suitability as an administrator of many people, an organiser and a leader-by-delegation is 'demonstrated' in a job where you have to look after 30 people and, if you're reasonably gifted, will often get the best results by doing as much as possible yourself. I remember it being a particularly bad problem in special forces, because officers there extremely rarely end up in a situation where they would be firing their rifles - yet the sorts of officers who want to be in special forces are the ones who want to be blowing down doors and doing the jobs that their NCOs are actually doing.
 
So you concede the point that De Gaulle had a hand in planning a military coup to place himself in power in 1958?

That's the exact opposite of what I have been arguing.

I never once said that De Gaulle wasn't a democrat, nor did I say the French were particularly prone to military coups. He planned a coup in 1958

No, he did not. Nor did you provide any evidence to substantiate that claim. Furthermore, it is contradictory: democrats don't plan coups.

[...]and his effective coup - in reality, it was mostly his supporters on the ground - against the American occupational authority in 1944 was replacing two unrepresentative regimes; a military occupational authority which often dealt with Vichyites, and the unconstitutional, dictatorial, quisling government of Vichy itself.

So again, it would seem De Gaulle did not personally plan a coup in 1944 either.

These are both pro-democracy coups, which are attempted from time to time in dictatorships, but almost never as successful as in France last century.

Now here's a point where we can agree.

Then please stop being overly pedantic and using strawmen. I'm not using either tactic on you, nor did I use any ad hominems earlier, which, as you didn't pursue the argument here, I guess you have conceded.

Calling someone names does to add to any argument. It detracts from it.

He did an excellent job reorganising Japan. He organised it too well, in fact; he instituted the idea of a peaceful Japan so well that when the Korean War broke out, and many American officials wanted to re-arm the island nation, the Japanese weren't interested.

That's again not quite true. There has always been a conservative strain in Japanese politics opposing the constitution and wishing for rearmament. But once the constitution was accepted, they were bound by it. Largely de facto, as attempts to alter the constitution have failed. Which is why Japans' military is still being called 'defense force'.

Many of the conservative politicians MacArthur barred from office, and even imprisoned, were also recalled to power by his replacement, due to their clout with vested business interests, which the US needed now. MacArthur was also very lenient on the Japanese Socialists and Communists, which caused him problems in his quest for the Republican Presidential nomination.

MacArthur rose through the ranks through a combination of his father' name and genuine talent; the man was a pretty good mid-level officer, and had a talent for administration. Eisenhower was MacArthur's Chief of Staff in Manila at one point, and credited MacArthur with teaching him how to be a good administrator. He was also very brave; he often led his men fro the front during WWI, and tried to do the same during WWII, only to be talked down by his own men, who knew that the most-senior general in the East Asian region was too valuable to risk on he front lines.

MacArthur's positive attributes got him promoted. His negative attributes far outweighed those attributes, but in peacetime they were largely ignorable; he was hardly the only general to have a huge ego, he was safely tucked away in the Philippines for most of the inter-war period, he obeyed the orders of the Republican Administrations of the time without question - leading to the much-maligned Bonus Army incident - and his too-close relationship with various Philippines officials went unnoticed by his superiors.

Once war broke out, however, he was hopelessly out of his depth, and his huge ego led him to try to disguise this through lies, fabrications, and obfuscations. I he'd spent his career as a staff officer, he'd have likely been a very good one. The same as a noncom. But he was not cut out to be a general, and certainly not a five-star general in charge of the entire Pacific War. He was able to hide his faults long enough to make himself irreplaceable, however, and this led to his appointment as SCOP-J (Supreme Commander Occupying Powers - Japan) immediately after the war. By then his superiors knew of his faults, but it would have been politically difficult to remove him; as soon as he slipped up with Truman, he was ousted, and rightly so.[/QUOTE]

I was asking a rhetorical question, but thanks anyway. His final dismissal, of course, had no relation with his wartime record (Korean or WW II).
 
That's the exact opposite of what I have been arguing.

No, he did not. Nor did you provide any evidence to substantiate that claim. Furthermore, it is contradictory: democrats don't plan coups.
It took me longer to type Operation: Resurrection than it did to find a source about how De Gaulle knew about the damn thing. Oh look, another! And another!

Now, if you want to argue that there is not smoking gun proving that De Gaulle gave the direct order for Resurrection, go right ahead, but know that it is the intellectual - albeit not moral - equivalent to claiming that Hitler didn't order the Holocaust, because there's no written document with his signature on it.

And democrats plan coups all the time, if the country they're living in isn't democratic. Several of the July 20 plotters were Social Democrats of the pre-Nazi era, for example. The ANC planned a coup in Apartheid South Africa, but it never got off the ground. There were attempts by soldiers in both Gaddafi's Libya and Nasser's Egypt to launch (allegedly, as they may have simply lied to cover their own quest for power) pro-democracy coups.

So again, it would seem De Gaulle did not personally plan a coup in 1944 either.
I'll concede this on pedantic grounds.

Calling someone names does to add to any argument. It detracts from it.
So does being a pedant and using strawmen.

That's again not quite true. There has always been a conservative strain in Japanese politics opposing the constitution and wishing for rearmament. But once the constitution was accepted, they were bound by it. Largely de facto, as attempts to alter the constitution have failed. Which is why Japans' military is still being called 'defense force'.
"Self-Defence Force," to be exact. I have no issue with this comment, except to say that all Japanese political parties bar the Communist Party accepted Article 9 without reservation. They may have thought they could change their minds when the Americans left, but it was very popular with the general public, who didn't like dying in wars. If China becomes more belligerent, however, Japan will eventually overcome the popularity of Article 9 and officially re-arm; they have been unofficially doing so for decades, of course.

I was asking a rhetorical question, but thanks anyway. His final dismissal, of course, had no relation with his wartime record (Korean or WW II).
Enough other people will read this thread that it was worth taking the time to post anyway.
 
That's part of the problem, though. In order to get a shot at being an adjutant (Capt.), Company or Battalion Commander (Maj. and Lt-Col.) you've got to do well at being a platoon commander (2Lt.). In other words, your suitability as an administrator of many people, an organiser and a leader-by-delegation is 'demonstrated' in a job where you have to look after 30 people and, if you're reasonably gifted, will often get the best results by doing as much as possible yourself. I remember it being a particularly bad problem in special forces, because officers there extremely rarely end up in a situation where they would be firing their rifles - yet the sorts of officers who want to be in special forces are the ones who want to be blowing down doors and doing the jobs that their NCOs are actually doing.

Sounds like a military variation of the Peter Prinicple, as it's known in the business world too - that a person's suitability for a new position is judged on their competance at their current position, rather than the attributes needed for the new one, with the inevitable result that people get promoted one level above their competancy.
 
Sounds like a military variation of the Peter Prinicple, as it's known in the business world too - that a person's suitability for a new position is judged on their competance at their current position, rather than the attributes needed for the new one, with the inevitable result that people get promoted one level above their competancy.
And that competent people never reach the positions they're suited for.
 
This thread is almost a mirror image of one we had last year, where the OP asked about de Gaulle and we got sidetracked into MacArthur. I argued there there that 1958 clearly was a coup using a different line of reasoning (it may help to know that I was 'bras0778' when that discussion started).
Link: http://forums.civfanatics.com/showthread.php?t=459003

There's also an aspect of de Gaulle's political position in 1958 that resembles a protection racket. A really successful gangster never use violence - people just keep giving money to her. Likewise, de Gaulle never used political violence - people just kept inviting him to form unelected governments.
 
MacArthur was a freemason who got his position via cronyism. That is my perception of him.
 
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