Hello again, thank for all the answers to my previous questions.
The long game against my friend turns out to be probably lost. He took 11!! towns from his neighbour AI in one turn only (with workers and railroad) and will even get the pyramids before I can destroy them myself, because of the 2 turn raze delay in multiplayer games.
Anyway, I have not given up yet and have some more questions. I am not native english speaking. Tough understanding ahead.
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Q10
Shields, gold and science are gained by the square you work on in your citiy. So it would not matter, if I have e.g. 3 really big towns over 25 or 5 a 12 population as long I work the same number of squares. It is not so, that the 13th square from a big town gets you more shields, gold or science than the 1st square of a small town, right?
The center tile of a metro gets additional gold and shields, but I am not quite sure if that goes for all traits or just industrious and commercial. (Or if there is a difference at all; I don't get to see metros all that often.)
For the rest there is no difference. Rank corruption may be an issue, but if you play Vanilla or PTW you can get around it by using ring city placement.
Do modern elite units have a higher chance to get a President than say e.g. an old 5er elite phalanx?
A leader? No. The only thing that makes a difference is the Heroic Epic, a small wonder that you can build if an army of yours has won a battle.
I am ahead in science. The only thing I get from this is, that I can start to build wonders earlier. He might finish them with rushed-president-build nevertheless before me. I calculated "Railroad" through and noticed that I have to spent 2880 science and he, as the 2nd, will only have to spent 2057 on "Railroad" to invent it. We play level prince with 4 Ai`s left.
Nevermind that, he told me he is doing the following:
Raising money with Zero % science and putting entertainers to scientists, so he researches for a while just one step a turn. Then putting science up to 90 or 100% and researches until the accumulated money is empty. He will gain from this the "free" research from scientists. It this true?
If I understand you correctly, then I don't think this is true. You have to either invest 40 turns of nominal research (50 in C3C) in your tech or provide the full amount of necessary beakers.
When I right-click the unhappy workers in my cities I get always the reason, why they are unhappy. They tell me 33% against the war and 66%, because the city is overpopulated?? What does overpopulated mean? 12er town without hospital maybe?
That is just the normal unhappyness that kicks in after the 4th, 3rd, 2nd or 1st citizen depending on your level. Regent (what you mistakenly call prince, I think) and Monarch get two citizens born content.
A hospital will not help you. Rather to the contrary if you let your city grow past size 12.
My opponent is in a democracy and has J.Bach Wonder (+2), 8 luxury with markets (+20!), temples (+1) and cathedrals (+3) and coloseums (+2) everywhere, so he gets +28 happy faces in total. Does that mean until his cities grow over 28 he will never ever get even one unhappy face, despite our war??
He should get 30 happy/content faces. You need to factor in those two citizens which are born content (see above).
And the meaning of those faces is ... Well, think of it like this. Every laborer (specialist are of no concern) is unhappy. Now the content faces can turn unhappy laborers into content laborers, while the happy faces can turn either unhappy laborers into content or content into happy laborers.
Your opponent has 10 content faces and 20 happy faces. (The happy faces are from the luxes, the rest provides content faces.) That would suffice to make everybody in a city up to size 15 happy. Beyond that, laborers will be unhappy again; with the maximum amount of laborers (20) there would be, with a setup like this, 15 happy and 5 unhappy.
Now, war happyness/wearyness is calculated from the total size of a city. The first level of WW in the Republic will generate a quarter of an unhappy face for every population point (here the specialist do matter). The first level of WW in Democracy generates half an unhappy face for every population point. Then you need to add them up, and round down to the next integer.
For a city of size 20 this would mean 5 unhappy faces for a republic, and 10 for a Democracy on the first level of WW. The same numbers go for a size 21 city as well, due to the rounding.
Now we _could_ do the math for when your opponent - with only the above mentioned sources of happyness will start to feel the effects of a first level WW.
I had build the Newton wonder in my Copernicus wonder city. Before that I got 60 science output by constant science per centage. Afterwards only 82! So I gained only 22 science?? Does the Newton only doubles the library and universities effects, not the total one with the Copenicus??
No, it should only provide an additional 100% of the base commerce that you put towards research.
I can't seem to get the numbers to work exaclty however:
22 base beakers
+ 11 from lib
+ 11 from uni
+ 22 from Cope's
+ 22 from Newtons
==> 88 beakers
21 base beakers:
+ 10 from lib (rounding)
+ 10 from uni (rounding)
+ 21 from Cope's
+ 21 from Newton's
==> 83 beakers
What you have gotten is quite close to what you should have gotten, but even a close miss is still a miss.
Maybe it has got something to do with corruption ...