that's interesting. It's not clear in your text, but is it the case that worker stealing version was the 2nd play? I tried this (comparing these two) before about 5-6 games and even if I tried not to use previous map knowledge it seems that it mattered a lot.
And even for the case when I first played no worker stealing restiction, in terms of key milestones and finish times, there were not that much difference. For example, I get education 3-5 turns late and win (SV) 5-8 turns late - and this is not that much difference compared to the starting position and your neighbors: ex) salt+wheat start with friendly neighbor VS jungle/tundra starts.
I stole first. But it may be that this is a special case. Quarries requires a worker to get faith, unlike gems/desert/tundra/etc, so getting that worker early matters a lot. (I chose it randomly fyi, I wasn't thinking about that when I tried it)
My starting spot was coastal river with 1 grasslands marble, 1 grasslands stone, 2 crab, and 1 sheep in the third tier, with about 3 plains and 2 forest.
I went Pottery, Mining, Masonry, and got it around turn 25 or so. My build order was scout/monument/shrine/granary. (Normally I would build worker, but granary 10-12 turns earlier equals an extra population)
By turn ~25 I had a farm, whereas normally I wouldn't have even had a worker out by then without sacrificing one of those first three builds, something I just can't bring myself to do. By turn ~30 I had a quarry, by turn ~35 I had two quarries.
Spain wanted friendship, and I didn't need the happiness yet, so I sold the marble.
After the granary I built a caravan, then 2 archers. The 2 extra population from the granary and the early farm allowed me to work 2 tiles roughly 10 turns early each and greatly sped up my settler build.
After the archers I built a settler, rush bought a worker, and built a library. The settler got the very choice 10g Cerro De Potosi, 3 spice & 3 citrus. Settled on a hill, no river, but still...
On turn 60, I got my marble back, rush bought my second library from the sale of Citrus plus caravan yield, and started the NC.
So, as you can see there was early everything. Early extra gold from the marble, extra pop & earlier caravan. Early population from the farm and earlier granary. Early hammers from the earlier stone and extra pop. Early tech from the extra pop and the caravan. Early faith from the marble and stone.
All of it at least ten, probably 20 turns earlier because I stole a worker.
Not to mention the +10g/turn immediate yield from the second city, which I didn't get on the attempt without the worker steal. (Too slow to get it out, the city was gone by the time I could build a settler)
Of course, settling that location pissed off Kamehameha to no end, but that city was on a hill, the wonder was between me and him, and the rest was jungle. Defending his attempt to take it would be easy.
A ten turn difference on Deity, when fighting over locations with the AI, is all the difference in the world. And I think in this case, by turn 80, it was more like a 20-25 turn difference, especially because of the early DoF I got from Spain.
So, maybe this is a fluke? I dunno. I feel like this is pretty much how games always go when I do or don't steal a worker...