1502
King Henry VII of England gives his daughter in marriage to James IV of Scotland. This gave rise to the Union of the Crowns in 1603.
1503
James IV marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII.
1506
George Buchanan (1506-1582), historian, humanist and reformer.
1507
Printing introduced to Scotland by Miller.
1512
Compilation of the Book of Lismore begun.
1512
Under the terms of a treaty with France (the "Auld Alliance") all Scottish
citizens became French and vice versa.
1513
Battle of Flodden. James IV killed in battle along with much of the aristocracy of Scotland and thousand of Highlanders and Lowlanders by English forces of Henry VIII, led by the Earl of Surrey. Battle was fought at Branxton. James V's body was disembowelled, embalmed and sent, eventually, to London. His body, grotesquely preserved, was kept in the Monastery of Sheen, then thrown in the lumber room after the dissolution. Years later, it was discovered by workmen who cut off the head and used it for a macabre plaything - it was passed from one English noble to another for years, until it was finally buried in an anonymous grave.
1513
James V prepares for throne, but Scotland is ruled by a regent until the boy is older. (r.1513-42)
1517
Treaty of Rouen.
1528
James V's Personal Reign Begins.
1542
At the Battle of Solway Moss, the Scots are routed. Death of James V. Birth of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Linlithgow.
1544
English Expedition to the Western Isles. Battle of Blar-na-leine.
1544
The "Rough Wooing" - England, pushing her territorial ambitions through a proposed marriage and alliance, was sharply rebuffed, and thus resorted to that more agressive policy known as the "rough wooing" and aggression towards Scotland. The Scot/English Border wars and conflicts, already present, reached their height during this time as bloody Border conflists and reiving abounded.
1547
Battle of Pinkie. 15,000 English under the Duke of Somerset defeated by the
Scots.
1557
The first Covenant. (Secret Scottish Protestant group).
1558
Mary marries Francis II (Dauphin) of France.
1559
John Knox's sermon at Perth - regarded as the start of the Reformation in
Scotland.
1560
Treaty of Edinburgh.
1561
Queen Mary returns to Scotland from France. (r. 1542-1567)
1562
Queen Mary visits Inverness; castle besieged by rebels.
1563
Mary's WitchCraft Acts passed in Scotland condeming "witches" to burning
as heretics.
1565
Mary marries Henry Darnley.
1567
Darnley Murdered. Abdication of Mary, Queen of Scots. James VI (r.1567-1625) becomes King of Scotland.
1567
Knox's Liturgy translated into Gaelic by Bishop Carswell.
1568
Battle of Langside. Moray and 45,000 men defeated Mary with only 4,500. Mary flees to England to seek help from Elizabeth I, who imprisons Mary in various Keeps, Castles and Towers.
1572
Death of John Knox.
1573
The final defeat of the Queen's (Mary's) party.
1579
Bible printed in Scotland for the first time.
1582
Raid of Ruthven. University of Edinburgh founded.
1587
Mary, Queen of Scots executed at Fotheringhay. Act passsed for quieting the clans of the Borders, Highlands, and Isles.
1588-89
Surviving ship from the Spanish Armada sunk at Tobermory.
1594
Battle of Glenlivet. Massacre of the MacDonalds by the MacLeods in a cave on the Island of Eigg.
1597
The future James VI of Scotland writes the definitve works on witchcraft and demons called "Demonology" which results in hysteria about alledged "witches" and many witch burnings. Also - Highlanders give assistance to Queen Elizabeth I of England. Burghs of Cambeltown, of Fort-William and of Stornoway officially constituted.
1598
Highland Landowners ordered to "prove" their right to possess titles. Isle of Lewis granted to Lowlander "Adventurers", the Crown.
1600
The Gowrie conspiracy. Scotland adopts Gregorian Calendar.
1601
Lowland "Adventurers" in Isle of Lewis are soundly defeated.
1602
Battle of Glenfruin.
1603 Union of the Crowns
James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, bringing about the Union of the Crowns. This was not an altogether welcome move in much of Scotland or England.
1605
Renewed attempt to colonise the Isle of Lewis by "Adventurers".
1607
MacKenzie of Kintail aquires Lewis from the MacLeods of Lewis by no MacLeod heir and by marriage to a MacLeod of Lewis. Macleods of Lewis are displaced to the mainland.
1609
"Statutes of Iona".
1614
Islay granted to Campbell of Cawdor by Crown.
1617
James VI (on his only return to Scotland) tactlessly lectures his countrymen on the "superiority of English civilisation".
1618
The "Five articles of Perth". James VI imposes Bishops on the presbyterian Church of Scotland in an attempt to integrate it with the Church of England. This move was deeply unpopular with the Scots.
1625
Death of James VI and I of Britain. (James VI of Scotland).
1625-49
Reign of Charles I. Charles I becomes King on the death of his father. Although born in Scotland, Charles had no interest in the country and dealt with Scottish affairs with even less tact than his father, causing discontent. Charles I's Act of Revocation.
1637
The Scottish prayer book written. Charles attempts to further anglicise the Church of Scotland by introducing a new prayer book, which causes riots at St.Giles in Edinburgh.
1638
The National Covenant. A Protestant (mostly Lowland, later called Presbyterian) movement forms. The National Covenant. - Charles regards protests against the prayer book as treason, forcing Scots to choose between their church and the King. A "Covenant", swearing to resist these changes to the death, is signed in Greyfriars Church in Edinburgh. The covenant is accepted by thousands of Scots.
1639
The First Bishops' War. Charles calls a General Assembly, effectively abolishing the unpopular Scottish Bishops. Agreement is reached through the "Treaty of Berwick".
1640
The Second Bishops' War. Charles's peace collapses; the Scots Covenanting Army led by David Leslie shows force by marching on Newcastle.
1640
Burning of the "Bonnie Hoose o' Airlie" by Campbell of Inverawe and followers.
1641
Having no realistic chance of opposing the Scots, Charles negotiates a truce
at Ripon.
1642
Civil war breaks out in England. The Scottish Covenanters side with the English rebels who take power. The Earl of Montrose sides with King Charles so civil strife also spilled into Scotland. It was as much of a religious war as a civil war.
1643
The Solemn League and Covenant signed.
1644
Scottish invasion of England. Battle of Tippermuir.
1644-45
Campaign of Marquis of Montrose.
1645
Battle of Inverlochy. Montrose ravages Argyll. Town of Dundee sacked by Montrose's army. Battle of Philiphaugh: Montrose defeated. Battle of Auldearn.
1646
Charles I surrenders.
1646
Massacre of Lamonts at Dunoon by Campbells.
1647
The "Engagement". Meeting of Charles I, while being held on the Isle of Wight, met with 3 Scots commisioners, and with them came to a compromise, "the "Engagement", whereby Charles agreed to push Scottish Presbyterianism down English throats in return for Lowland Scottish support and arms.
1647
Garrison of Dunaverty massacred by General Leslie's parliamentary forces.
1648
The Whiggamore Raid.
1649
Execution of Charles I. Charles II proclaimed king. (reigned 1649-85).
1650
Execution of Montrose. Battle of Dunbar, and Invercarron.
1651
Battle of Inverkeithing and Worcester. Scotland now under the command of the Commonwealth.
The rule of Cromwell (1651-58).
1651
Charles II crowned at Scone. The last coronation in Scotland.
1653
Scotland taken under the Protectorate. (Cromwell).
1660
Restoration of the Monarchy. Charles II restored to the throne.
1661
Execution of the Marquis of Argyll.
1666
Pentland Rising occurred in the North.
1678
Invasion of the South-West of Scotland by the "Highland Host".
1679
Battle of Drumclog. Battle of Bothwell Brig (bridge) fought.
1682
Founding of the Advocates' Library, later to become the National Library of Scotland. Now one of the UK's four copyright deposit libraries.
1685
Death of Charles II. Earl of Argyll's invasion of Scotland. Also, execution of the Earl of Argyll at Edinburgh.
1685-88
James VII (II in England).
1688-93
Fernaig manuscript compiled.
1689
James VII and II deposed.
1689
William III (William of Orange) and Mary (Stewart or Stuart) II. The Revolution - First Jacobite revolt or "Dundee's Revolt". Battle of Killiecrankie - Highlanders under leadership of "Bonnie Dundee" (John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee), defeats the Williamite (Government) forces of General Hugh MacKay. Dundee is killed in battle.
1689
Battle of Dunkeld.
1690
Establishment of Presbyterianism.
1692
The Massacre of Glencoe. Clan Campbell, siding with the King (William of Orange), coldly murders members of Clan MacDonald. (The MacIan's were loyal to clan Donald). This act of savagery begins years of feuding in Scotland.
Massacre of the MacIans of Clan MacDonald by government forces led by Clan Campbell at Glen Coe (Glencoe). Thirty-eight MacDonald's are killed ruthlessly by surprise attack in the middle of the night by the Robert Campbell of Glen Lyon. The Campbell was following orders from "Master of the Stair", Dalyrmple, who took his orders directly from the British king William. The King of Protestant championship falls out of favour with most Highlanders.
1694-1702
Reign of William III (IV)
1695
Bank of Scotland founded (still operating to this day).
1696
Act for settling schools passed, called Education Act.
1698
The Darien Expedition. To compete with the English East India Trading Company, the Scots formed a similar organisation, Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies. Known in London as the Scottish East India Company, investors championed the proposal. It settled in Panama with some poor planning, and when native Indians, Spaniards and disease nearly wiped them out, they called on the English fleet to resue them (they were after all supposed to be a Union), but received no help from the English and only 75 Scots returned alive.