The Pacific Directory in its current form as a semi-independent client state of the Russian Commonwealth formed during the chaos of the Second Time of Troubles. In 1849 the ongoing civil wars wracking western Russia caused a near-total collapse in their authority in Siberia, forcing the Russian Far East (including the struggling colony of Alaska) to fend for itself. General-Governor Nikolay Muraviev, fearing the possibility of the Opium Wars spilling into the largely undefended Far East, organized a military junta under his rule that, while calling itself Russian, was de-facto independent. The backbone of this junta was the navy, which though small far outclassed anything the Qing or even Japan could effectively field at that time.
As the Russian government continued its collapse a great many who could fled eastwards, settling in the sparsely populated Alaska and turning around the colony’s flagging economy, until then entirely dependent on the nearly depleted fur trade. This naturally caused a great deal of friction with the indigenous populations of Alaska, who had hitherto been largely unmolested by the Russian government so long as they kept supplying furs, culminating in the Kenai Fur Wars of the 1860’s. While the wars were by the standards of larger countries more a series of minor skirmishes between Russian trappers and the Dena’ina natives, the former of whom occasionally called for the support of the marines, for the Pacific Directory they were viewed as an existential threat. With the Russian population of Alaska being outnumbered by the indigenous population by roughly twenty to one, a full-scale native uprising would’ve been prohibitively expensive to combat and crippled the Directory’s vulnerable economy. The conflicts were ended decisively with formalized treaties which firmly established bounds for Russian settlement, set minimum amounts of trade and, perhaps most importantly, established the ongoing doctrine of co-dependence between natives and the Russians, with the Russian population providing tooling and bulk transportation while the tribes provided much of the food and trade goods that kept the Directory solvent. This policy would lead to a great deal of miscegenation between the Russians and the natives, further tying them together both physically and culturally.
The Pacific Directory’s independence came to an end in 1861 with the ending of the Time of Troubles. As the Popular Assembly was hammering out the Directorial government which would become the Russian Commonwealth and first of the three Directories, representatives of both the Siberian Popular Assembly and the Pacific Directory attended, negotiating for quasi-independence in exchange for their support of the fledgling government. As part of the exchange of guarantees between the three formative members of the Commonwealth the Russian Directory had the right to choose the head of the Pacific Directory if a new Chief Director is needed, though not remove one, this acting as a guarantee of a distinctly pro-Russian stance to the Directorial government. Further Directorial Russia has guaranteed use of the limited ports of the Pacific Directory for projection of Russian might into the Pacific, largely supplanting the Transpacific navy for defense purposes.
After the Kenai Fur Wars ended the Pacific Directory began extending its influence southwards into British Columbia and the Oregon Territory through trade and acting as an intermediary between the British and American governments, tensions between whom were steadily rising as the issue of slavery dominated American politics and there was increasing talk of secession.When the Atlantic War finally broke out it took over a year for the effects to become known on the West Coast, with the garrisons of both American and British forts along the border doing little more than posturing, when the Iron Confederacy effectively split Oregon, the remainder of the Washington Territory (effectively the Puget Sound and the Olympic Peninsula), and British Columbia from the Coast Range westwards off from the rest of the Union and Canada. While Oregon declared its independence with northern California as the Mormon-dominated state of Deseret, Western Washington and British Columbia turned to the Pacific Directory, and by extension Russia, for protection from the upstart Iron Confederacy, fearing retaliation for the massacres that marked the Manifest Destiny period of American westward expansion. The Pacific Directory, eager to expand its territory into warmer climes, agreed and began formal negotiations with the Iron Confederacy over the territory.
The relatively equitable relations and close trade ties between the indigenous populations of Alaska and the Russians meant that the border tribes with the Iron Confederacy were reluctant to break away entirely, leaving a fluid northern border between the Pacific Directory and the Iron Confederacy. This contrasted heavily with the southern border, going from the center of the Coast Range southwards to Deseret, which was officially pushed far to the west in the initial negotiations before steadily making its way back to the eastward slope of the mountains over the following decade as it became apparent that the new Russian government did not want to take their newly won lands, with native tribes straddling the border to better take advantage of trade through Russian ports. Even after the Atlantic War ended, rebuilding and ongoing struggles across the world prevented the Union and British Commonwealth from reclaiming their old territories which were rapidly assimilated into the Directory.
While it made tremendous territorial gains in the Atlantic War, there was a great deal of discontent amongst the military government beneath the Russia-appointed Chief Director Johan Furuhjelm, whose policies of appeasement to the indigenous population was seen as coming at the expense of the Pacific-Russians who made up the backbone of the Directory. The Transpacific military, never large, steadily shrank during his tenure, supplanted by a reliance on Directorial Russia’s protection, and the rising power of the Taiping Mandate and Shogunate were being effectively ignored in favor of the largely-inconsequential events in the Americas. In 1889 he was ousted by a bloodless coup and a replacement was called for. In January of 1890 the replacement arrived: Chief Director Grigor Volya.
Grigor Volya’s appointment to the Chief Directorship of the Pacific Directory was done primarily as a way to remove a politically inconvenient businessman, Lord Vitus Demidov, from Russian politics without causing a scene. The complete lack of military experience for both the ostensible Chief Director and Lord Demidov was expected to see them both ousted within a year, at which point a proper replacement could be sent. Instead the pair began a sweeping series of reforms which would transform the Pacific Directory from a convenient way to manage the Commonwealth’s Pacific ports into a member equal to the Siberian Popular Assembly. In the first year of his tenure he created the two programs which would become the hallmarks of the Directory and its greatest tools: the Civil Conscription Corps and the Pacific Press.
The Civil Conscription Corps was a massive work program that guaranteed employment for the thousands of immigrants entering the Directory while providing the labor required to power whatever project the Director wanted done, whether that be mass logging for the Iron Confederacy, providing bulk labor for government-favored artels, or infrastructure projects. The program also allowed the Directory some degree of control over where people moved to, with areas that needed a greater Russian presence being targeted for improvement and conscripts being offered early ends to their contracts if they stayed there. The Corps would also be used a testbed for new technologies, methods, and organizations as everything about their lives could be controlled by the state. The conscription of the entire population into the national reserve in
The Pacific Press began as the state-run newspaper, available everywhere in the Directory at cost and providing mostly accurate news to people who would otherwise have to rely on word-of-mouth or poorly translated Taiping pamphlets. Within two years it would grow into the sprawling media apparatus that exists now, including two dozen separate periodicals on topics ranging from Moscow gossip to mail order catalogues to scientific articles and a thriving Swiss-run publishing house, Tipografia Elvetica, which produces Russian-XXX phrase books (including the infamous Koreyskiy, Poskol'ku Ona Govorit), translations of many classics both Oriental and European, and textbooks. While initially a blunt instrument of propaganda, experience has taught the editors some degree of moderation and most of the blatant propaganda pieces focus on putting pro-Russian spins on foreign affairs rather than outright lies. Its effect on the cultural landscape of the Directory is incalculable, both from acting as a piece of common ground between the numerous immigrant groups and indoctrinating them to think of themselves as Transpacific Russians rather than citizens of their country of origin.
Beyond the deliberate policies instituted by the Chief Director, the Directory also benefited by a massive influx of European artists and philosophers whose relentless optimism and hard work turned the Directory from a cultural backwater to a shining beacon of European culture in the Orient and, eventually, into a fusion of the two worlds. Their efforts, encouraged and aided by the Pacific Press, shaped the culture of the Directory into a fusion of the two-dozen distinct culture groups who composed it. This coincided with a steady flow of European engineers who began the slow work of updating Transpacific artels to be competitive with their European counterparts, both helped and hurried by the arrival of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1894 with its access to the markets and rivals of Europe. While the Directory is known for its untapped natural resources, its artels have organized and grown immensely over the past half-decade and are starting to garner a reputation for producing reliable, hard-wearing equipment, especially firearms.
The Transpacific army, a long-neglected part of the Directorial military under Chief Director Furuhjelm and Colonel Chenkov, was likewise revolutionized under Chief Director Volya. Colonel Chenkov’s army was aligned along similar lines to classical European armies, with the focus being on entrenchment, steady lines, and artillery, but lacked the equipment and ability to resupply of their European counterparts. After Colonel Chenkov died in a tragic accident in mid 1890, not long after his first meeting with the new Chief Director, his immediate subordinate Lieutenant Colonel Rogvolod Kasteen assumed the position of Director of Terrestrial Affairs, being given the rank of Lieutenant General, and began sweeping reforms to the Transpacific army. It was under him that the army’s focus shifted from holding territory to bleeding out the enemy over long stretches of effectively worthless territory, with losses being replaced with a large national reserve which would come to encompass the country’s entire male population. The rigid command structure was loosened up to allow for individual commanders to act independently of their superiors and training gradually supplanted equipment as the army’s go-to solution, paving the way for Lieutenant General Kasteen’s ultimate goal of an army that can act completely effectively when behind enemy lines without supply or communication. In stark contrast to the recent mechanization of European and Asian armies, the Transpacific army relies on horse and dog-pulled carts, operating under the assumption that in the event of an invasion the Directory’s fledgling industry won’t be equal to the task of keeping a fully mechanized army supplied. This should enabling independent companies and even platoons to operate without dedicated supply lines with only a minor loss in capability, allowing them to operate fully behind enemy lines and destroy their own supply lines, expected to be stretched out over hundreds of miles of sparsely inhabited wilderness.
The Transpacific navy, by comparison, underwent very few changes under the tenure of Director-Admiral Fyodor Stravinsky. Unlike the army, its always been ably commanded and well disciplined to deal with the stormy waters of the Northern Pacific and fully aware that the Russian Pacific Fleet wouldn’t be able to assist to nearly the same extent as the Russian army in the event of a war. As such they’ve been keeping abreast of doctrinal developments in potential enemies, notably the Shogunate as the premier naval power in the north Pacific, and the Anti-Imperial alliance of France, the Union, and the Boer Republic, who have been at the cutting edge of naval development since their loss in the First Atlantic War due to British dominance of the Atlantic. Their efforts instead have been focused in the Arctic in the Eastward Push, the establishment of Transpacific hegemony over the Inuit and Na-Dene tribes of northern Canada through exclusive trade agreements and three small forts. The troubles the Canadian Expeditionary Squadron encountered in the icy waters of the northern shore of Canada would push Director Stravinsky, with the encouragement of Chief Director Volya, to establish a shipyard in Ryabachy for the purpose of developing new designs and experimental ships for the Directory, beginning with the development of a ship which could break up seapack and allow other ships follow in its wake.
Hand-in-hand with the immense social and military changes under Chief Director Volya’s tenure were dramatic shifts in the political climate. In mid 1892 Volya restricted the right to hold political positions to property-owning members of the military, a situation that was already de-facto mostly true, which along with the formation of the National Reserve enabled him to conscript all property-owners into the military. While this raised some eyebrows amongst established business-owners, most were willing to go along with it as the likelihood of being called up was vanishingly small so long as the Commonwealth protected the Directory. That this would bar the increasing immigrant population from drowning out their say in the government helped a great deal. This was followed in 1893 by the mandatory enrollment of all reservists in the Civil Conscription Corps for two days a month, helping maintain and expand their communities and a much greater government presence in the economy, partially a result of top-down directives and partially artel members jockeying for a high enough position in the reserves where they can stay inside during their two days of labor a month. This eventually took the form of a sort of nationalistic pride for service, where social standing was partially derived from one’s performance during the service weekends. In mid 1893, in part to find competent personnel for the rapidly growing government, officer commissions were opened to all male citizens of the Directory, whereas before only Russian-born men could hold a commission. This move towards inclusion was followed in late 1893 by the open enrollment of women into the military, albeit in limited support capacities. While both of these moves were controversial amongst the Russian-born old guard who had dominated the military, with both Directorial mandate and rising numbers of non-Russians in the military they were ill-positioned to do anything about it.
All these changes were merely building up to the massive governmental overhaul of 1894, where a new constitution was drafted that formally divided the government into two bodies: the national Directory and the regional Krais. The Directory is concerned with national matters, including but not limited to laws which are enforced across all krais, any foreign affairs, all matters concerning the military as an organization, management of the increasingly misnamed Yukon Territory and setting overall policy. The Krais are concerned with regional laws beyond the national laws, education, maintenance of waterways and other necessary infrastructure, regional expansion and exploitation, and providing necessary local services (such as law enforcement and fire brigades). The Krai governments then delegate many of these responsibilities to local governments, though they still hold ultimate responsibility. The primary difference between the two sets of government beyond their responsibilities is that the Directorial government is entirely composed of active duty military personnel who are appointed to their position by their superiors, following a chain up to the High Board of Directors and Chief Director Volya, while the major positions in the Krai governments are by-and-large elected and held by inactive personnel or reservists.
The climate around this shift was one of bizarre pseudo-nationalism and unprecedented economic growth brought by the arrival of the Trans-Siberian Railroad and a German-led reorganization of the local artels. While Director Vitus had been not so subtly pushing the Directory into a more cohesive whole for several years, it was in 1894 that his efforts not only bore fruit but did so beyond anyone’s expectations. Immigrants, often fleeing persecution in their homelands for unpopular views with their governments (especially the case with the French Doves and Korean ex-pats fleeing their homeland), were eager to establish themselves as citizens of the Directory, whose avoidance of any major conflict for over two centuries and near-complete social and economic mobility were appealing. Many of them, seeing the government emphasis on military service without actually being involved in armed conflict, took that as a risk-free way of moving up in the world and, as a result, the Pacific Directory has one of the most armed and combat-trained civilian populaces in the world with a military that is nearly completely racially integrated on the lower levels. The higher levels are still predominantly Russian, though the recent expansion of the army has led to several Inuit and Aleut who served during the Kenai Fur Wars to be promoted to captainship (with accompanying authority over Russian subordinates) and the former Qing army officer Yuan Shikai being given the rank of Major, though he’s been posted in the Vankuver Krai to avoid possible diplomatic incident, amongst several Europeans of non-Russian descent.
The German reorganization was timed perfectly to tie into the mass immigration greatly inflating the available workforce, and was followed up by an influx of Confederate manager-trainers, allowing for the entire system to be reworked with minimal shock to the economy. The veteran members of the Russian-dominated worker collectives took up managerial and mentor positions over the fresh immigrants, many of whom needed to be retrained for Transpacific manufacturing or fishing methods, aided by Dixie teachers who came up in early 1895. The immigrants in turn helped revolutionize Transpacific industry, bringing with them electrical expertise, ship-building expertise, and cutting edge metalworking techniques. As jobs became scarcer than qualified personnel the CCC shifted its efforts to mass infrastructure efforts, including the volcano-proofing of ‘Little Pompeii’.
No overview of the political climate of the Pacific Directory would be complete without mention of the Fishermen, the Pacific Directory’s intelligence arm. The group who would form the core of the Department of Clandestine Affairs made their first appearance on the world stage during Operation Tiger Hunt in Berlin, an attempt to catch the serial killer Sebastion Moran, who’s suspected ties to international criminal syndicates marked him as a potential threat to the Directory. Upon their success and return to the Directory Chief Director Volya made them a full department of the Transpacific government, tasked with law enforcement and espionage/counter-espionage, and folded the military police into them. They now stand as a potent espionage and internal police force on-par with the German Federation’s infamous state police from whom they drew inspiration.