Henry V in France
IN 1419 Henry V was leading an invasion of France by his forces. The French King, Charles VI, was putting up a hopless resistance against the English invasion and by late January his forces were defeated by Henry outside of Paris. Charles was forced to withdraw north to Amiens.
While on campaign in France Henry was presented with a dilema. Back in England a group of heretics called Lollards have once again made an appearance. The group has been founded over a century ago and has caused trouble for the English monarchs ever since. This time, however, the Lollards have calculated correctly, and their appearance went unpunished because Henry could not interrupt his campaign in France to deal with the problem.
Meanwile the Dauphine Charles, heir to the French throne, begun negotiations with the Duke of Burgundy, attempting to wrestle the inheritance of France from Henry's hands. He could not overcome his pride, however, and the negotiations ended with Charles killing John the Fearless of Burgundy. Following the assasination Burgundy quickly fell into the English fold and backed Henry as the heir to France. The only obstacle now was King Charles of France who continued to stubornly refuse to recognize Henry.
Before the end of the year, on December 19th, Paris fell to Henry's troops. The city put up a much harder fight than its King, as Parisians fought street for street with the advancing English soldiers. After a bloody fight, however, Henry was the victor. King Charles did nothing to save his capital from the onslaught.
In January of the following year Henry and Charles met again, this time near Amiens, and Charles' armies were defeated desicively. The King himself escaped to the south, but Henry was now in control of all northern French countryside. Only a number of French cities continued to resist Henry's rule.
The campaign in France dragged on slowly for over a year, with city after city falling to English soldiers under Henry. King Charles attempted to put together another army, but it was routed near Nevierns, assuring a victory for Henry in the conflict. After the last major city surrendered to Henry in May of 1422 Charles asked for a cease fire, which Henry granted on May 29th.
By July 24th the two kings have signed the Treaty of Troyes, in which King Charles disowned his son, the Dauphine Charles, and instead recognized Henry as heir to the throne of France. Henry's inharitance of France seemed assured.
Europe following the signing of Treaty of Troyes
A New Generation
Barely a month after signing the Treaty of Troyes Henry V fell ill. In August he went back to England, leaving his brother Bedford to command the forces in France. After a troubled route home Henry died on September 11 1422 in London.
Following the death of Henry the Dauphine Charles and other French princes saw their chance to defy the English claim on the French throne and on September 19th Dauphine Charles declared war on England, taking most of France into a massive war. Bedford was prepared for the move, but he did not expect the Dauphine and the rulers of Aragon to be allied, and once Aragon followed the Dauphine and declared war on England Bedford had to act fast and change his strategy. Instead of fighting to secure major cities of France the two main English armies in France would fight towards Borges and meet in central France.
Barely a month after the begining of the war Charles VI of France died in Paris. In accordance with the Treaty of Troyes Henry V's son, Henry VI of England inherited the realms of France. Henry VI is but in infant, however, and the burden of fighting fell entirely to his uncle, Duke of Bedford. As per an earlier agreement with Burgundy, the city of Amiens was given to the Duke of Burgundy in return for his support of Henry.
Back in England meanwhile it was time to decide who would govern the country while Henry VI is an infant. Bedford could not do it, as he was in France, waging the war. That left the Duke of Glouster, who was the regent during Henry V's campaign in France, or the Royal Council. Many magnates backed the Royal Council, as they found Glouster to be too meddling in their affairs, but after a few months Glouster emerged as the stronger figure and assumed the control of the English Regency.
Just a month after Glouster assumed control of the regency Jacqueline of Holland, the heiress of Holand, fled to England from her country. She was engaged in an inheritance dispute with another family, and her current husband was doing nothing to solve it. After she had reached an agreement with Glouster, Glouster sent an envoy to the exiled Pope Benedict, and Jacqueline received an annulment of her marriage. Glouster and her were married the next day, giving England, and Glouster in particular, a legitimate claim on Holland. The claim, however, did come at a high cost of antagonizing the Duke of Burgundy by interfearing in his lands.
On April 10th a major army of Dauphine besieged Paris in an effort to retake the city. The Duke of Bedford repelled the attack later in the month, but the strike showed just how weak English positions in France really were. To make matters worse, a rebellion begun at home when Glouster chose to back the commons over the lords in a dispute. It was put down, but at a heavy cost.
May 30th marked a bright spot in the news as Toulouse fell to the English army that attacked it from Bordeaux. The army moved to Toulouse in order to cut off a possible attack into France from Aragon. The victory was bittersweet, however, as the small country of Foix south of Guyana decided to join the war and attack the city of Bordeaux.
On September 23rd Bedford's force met a large force of Dauphine at Reims and barely defeated the enemy, taking heavy losses. It became evedent in that battle that if Bedford wanted to win over the enemy he would need to employ more cavalry in his armies, as the cavalry superiority that Dauphine had in that battle almost cost England its war in France.
And as Bedford was reorganizing the army the Duke of Barbant chose to enter the war on the side of the Dauphine. Now England faced enemies not only in the south, but also in the north. Bedford was forced to hastily retreat to Paris and prepare to hold the positions there against the coming onslaught of his enemies.
The Diplomatic Situation