GROUND FORCES
By August 1914, Britain had 247,432 regular troops. About 120,000 of these were in the British Expeditionary Army and the rest were stationed abroad. There were soldiers in all Britain's overseas possessions except the white dominions of Australia, New Zealand and Canada.
By January 1916 over 2.6 million men had volunteered for the British Army.
AIR FORCE
Great Britain founded the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) in May 1912. It was decided that initially the BE-2 would be the main fighter plane. By the end of 1912 the RFC had one squadron of airships and three of aircraft. Each squadron had twelve machines.
At the beginning of the war the RFC mainly used the BE-2, Farman MF-7, Avro 504, Vickers FB5, Bristol Scout, and the F.E.2. By May 1915, the Royal Flying Corps had 166 aircraft. Therefore the vast majority of the operations on the Western Front was carried out by the Aéronautique Militaire, which had 1,150 aircraft available.
By the time the Battle of the Somme started in July 1916 the RFC had a total strength of twenty-seven squadrons (421 aircraft), with four kite-balloon squadrons and fourteen balloons. The squadrons were organised into four brigades, each of which worked with one of the British armies.
It was only with the arrival of improved fighter planes such as the Bristol Fighter, Sopwith Pup, Sopwith Camel, S.E.5 and Airco DH-2 that losses began to decline. Britain also developed new bombers such as the Handley Page and Airco DH-4. By the end of 1917 the British has established their superiority over the German airforce.
NAVAL FORCES
In 1914 the Royal Navy was by far the most powerful navy in the world. The Royal Navy's basic responsibilities included policing colonies and trade routes, defending coastlines and imposing blockades on hostile powers. The British government took the view that to do all this, the Royal Navy had to possess a battlefleet that was larger than the world's two next largest navies put together.
By early 1914 the Royal Navy had 18 modern dreadnoughts (6 more under construction), 10 battlecruisers, 20 town cruisers, 15 scout cruisers, 200 destroyers, 29 battleships (pre-dreadnought design) and 150 cruisers built before 1907.
After the outbreak of the First World War, most of the Royal Navy's large ships were stationed at Scapa Flow in the Orkneys or Rosyth in Scotland in readiness to stop any large-scale breakout attempt by the Germans. Britain's cruisers, destroyers, submarines and light forces were clustered around the British coast.
The Mediterranean fleet, of two battlecruisers and eight cruisers were based in Gibraltar, Malta and Alexandria. These were used during the operations to protect Suez and the landings at Gallipoli. There were also naval forces in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE
Australia's regular army was formed in 1901 and was backed-up by a part-time volunteer militia. All males of combat age were required by law to undertake military training on a regular basis. On the outbreak of the First World War the Australian government immediately offered to supply Britain with 20,000 troops. As the regular army was organised solely for home defence, a new overseas force, the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) was formed.
The first Australian Imperial Force troopships left Australia on 7th November 1914. These troops were sent to Egypt for training with British weapons. It was decided to put Australian and New Zealand forces together to form the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). Some were used to defend Suez but most of them were sent to the Gallipoli Front under General William Birdwood. The ANZACs suffered over 33,600 losses (over one-third killed) by the time they were ordered to withdraw in January 1916.
The Australian Navy contributed a battlecruiser, five cruisers and six destroyers. Two of Australia's submarines, the AE1 and AE2, were lost in naval operations during the First World War.
The Australian Flying Corps (AFC) was founded in 1914 and contributed pilots and aircraft to the Mesopotamian Front, Palestine and the Western Front. About 60 aircraft were lost over France during the war. The leading Australian Flying Aces included Robert Little (47), Roderic Dallas (32) and Arthur Cobby (29).
During the First World War Australia contributed 322,000 soldiers
CANADIAN CORPS
In 1914 Canada had just over 3,000 regular soldiers. Based at harbour fortifications, the Canadian Army was backed up by a militia of local volunteers. Expecting a war in Europe, during the summer of 1914 the Canadian government asked for volunteers to join a Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF).
Over 30,000 Canadian soldiers reached Britain for training at Salisbury Plain in October. Lieutenant-General William Anderson and the 1st Canadian Division arrived on the Western Front in February 1915 and immediately saw action at Ypres. Over the next two weeks the Canadians suffered 5,500 casualties.
Over 13,000 Canadians served with the British air services. Leading Canadian Air Aces included William Bishop, Raymond Collishaw and Donald MacLaren. About 3,000 Canadians joined the Royal Navy and another 5,100 sailors were recruited to protect Canadian waters.
Almost 600,000 Canadians joined the army during the First World War. Of these, 418,000 served overseas with the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF)