"The lights are going out across Europe. I fear we shall not see them lit again in our lifetimes." - Sir Edward Grey
The Great Europan War, First Age 60-81
The decade began with the death of High Queen Octeny in 61 from unknown causes, purportedly some sort of illness. Regardless, with her death she summoned her presumed illegitimate children to her bedside, to divide the Realm she had ruled since adolescence between them, much to the dismay of her magisterial council. Originally intending to divide the kingdom into provinces, the children made it clear that they would if necessary invoke the “rite of the High Queen”, on the populace and entice them to overthrow the assembly that their purported mother had labored many years to create. Reluctantly, and with not a little duress, the council assented. The Three Kingdoms of the Isles, Argulaica, and Argulack were born. Varick the Wolf, eldest son of the late High Queen, would rule the Isles. Kelsay the Shark, middle-child and only daughter of the High Queen would rule Argulack, and youngest son, Norace the Wolverine would rule Argulaica. Varick's reign began with the societal and economic tribulations of a Waldic (native peoples of the Argulumic Isles), revolt, forever burning hatred for the Waldics in the mind of the Wolf. Kelsay's reign began with the accidental creation of a military nobility which proceeded to divide her young kingdom into fiefs, backed up by their own military power. By contrast, it appeared Norace the Wolverine was off to a great start with his subjugation of the Confederation, and endearment to his people as a military hero.
The people of Argulum had every intention to remain one people, indeed, the saying of the times was “Three Kings, one Realm!” Unfortunately, these hopes would be dashed by events outside the control of the Argulumics. Kivorian territories in Iberila were plagued by the incompetence of riled, backwater provincial soldiers and officials, that committed their final failure in the misinterpretation of orders from Kivoria proper, proceeding to invade Jenetian territory. With a quick and relatively bloodless defeat of the Kivorians, the Jenetian soldiers responded with the siege and massacre of the Kivorian Iberilican “Holy City”. Killing nearly everyone within the broken walls of the city, the Jenetians were reported to have sent back in galleys several hundred mutilated, blinded and maimed women and children to bring word of Jenetia's displeasure to Kivoria. It is said that the blind rode, while the deaf steered. This, obviously, could lead to nothing but war. In a retaliatory move, the Kivorians put to siege the Malakhanic port-city of Constantinopel, attempting to starve out the Jenetian forces within.
“Liberating”, in 65, the city of Constantinopel from Jenetian hands, the Kivorians incited the already-boiling Malakhanic insurgency to begin the assault on the remainder of the Jenetian occupational government. They garnered this support by the drawing and quartering of surviving Jenetian soldiers and the enslavement of their spouses and children. It is important to note at this time that Norace the Wolverine of Argulaica had entered warfare with Salvonic over Warmia, which had caved into a Salvonic invasion in 64. Fighting a war of stalemate with the Salvonicans, both sides attempted to garner support from the natives, which was slow in forthcoming, and for obvious reasons far more centered toward Argulaica which made itself popular hero de facto for its “goal of liberation”, for the people of Warmia.
Varick the Wolf, had by now proved his incompetence as a governmental official. Still smarting from the hard-won victory over the Waldics, he dedicated most of his reign to causing as much discomfort for the native peoples as possible, much to the chagrin to the magisterial assembly that already resented and were disgusted by him for his unapproved ascension to government. He desired to enter war with the Salvonicans to aid his younger brother, but due to the pacifist and mercantile policy of the assembly, was denied this desire. What makes this notable beyond the simple assessment of Varick's character is that in 66, Jenetian and Kivorian emissaries were dispatched to make friends with the Argulumic Kingdoms, and curry their favor in the growing Jenetian-Kivorian War.
Kelsay the Shark, Queen-Protector of Argulack, was having her own problems. Arguably the least-successful of the Three, Kelsay had allowed a military aristocracy she herself created in a single-minded attempt to make herself the militarily dominate power of the Argulumic Kingdoms, to steer the course of her reign. These nobles, ever fond of Jenetian coin, quickly moved to ensure that Argulack was an ally towards Jenetia in the war, and committed Kelsay's beautiful, “Army of the Commonwealth”, to the ignominious role of cannon fodder for Jenetian generals. When news of this reached the Isles, Varick is said to have mocked his sister's failure in government, though this is not a little hypocritical to the modern reader.
By 67 and the beginning of the Second Siege of Constantinopel (technically the Third, but in the mists of time the First is forgotten due to the Jenetian assimilation of the Malakhanics), what remained of the Makadic Horde was in the throes of civil war. Two years prior, Ravane II, progeny of the glorious Ravane and god-monarch to the Makadic people, had died of unknown causes. Immediately after his death, a great philosophical rift had opened in the Horde, between Ravane II's greatest lieutenants, Annon the Cunning and Geddreth the Warborn. Geddreth, a veteran of the First Makadic-Salvonican War, was set on a return to Salvonic to set the record straight on who was the gods' chosen people, while Annon rightly recognized that the attempt of such an assault would likely be the death of the already-fragile Horde. The two, inconsolable, made war against each other, gathering their followers, and bathing the “homeland of the wanderers”, in blood.
This war would be brought to a quick end, however, by Argulumic and Kivorian intervention. Kivoria, having by now lost the Second Siege of Constantinopel, was desperate for foreign aid, its green and untrained military forces straining under the combined weight of the drilled Argulumic and Jenetian armies. The Makadi of Annon accepted this offer, and marched south, to wrath, ruin and a red dawn, as the Makadic saying goes. The Horde of Geddreth was approached by the Argulaics with a similar offer, to aid in the destruction of the Salvonican forces. Both Hordes going their separate ways, events in the War continued to transpire.
The Highlord of the Isles, Varick the Wolf awoke in winter 67 to discover that his government had embargoed his brother to maintain ties with Jenetia, and for moral reasons, not wishing to be in any way allied by proxy with the horrible and ruthless Horde. Attempting to blackmail his council again into acquiescence to his will, he was met with an ultimatum. The council would much prefer civil war by death of the monarch, than the displeasure of Jenetia, or any alliance of any kind to the Makadi Horde, who were the enemies of the gods. Valuing his life more than his high honor, Varick the Wolf assented.
Makadic assistance in the Third Siege of Constantinopel proved invaluable, and the city was again captured by the Kivorians, who in their moment of triumph, were more than a little dismayed to discover that the reputation of the Horde was by no means exaggerated. The Makadics, participating in the conquering parade the Kivorians put on as a show for the Malakhanics, turned their horses into the crowd, trampling hundreds, and proceeded to set fire to the city. Pushing out Kivorian forces, they proclaimed the Second Ascendance, the spiritual successor to the brief-lived Empire of Ravane I. The Horde of Geddreth pulled the same trick on the Argulaics, who were just as enraged and beaten by the sudden betrayal of their Makadic “allies”.
Salvonic, taking advantage of the chaos, pushed into northern Argulaica, crushing resistance and taking no prisoners. Kivoria proceeded to approach Salvonic for aid, who were willing to send soldiers to fight for Kivoria, should the Kivorians agree to declare war upon Argulaica, and fund the Salvonican war effort. By this chain of events, Varick the Wolf was finally allowed to enter the war, and the Jenetian-Kivorian War ended. In spring of 68, the Great War of Europa began.
The pact of the Argulumic Kingdoms and Jenetia came to be referred to as the Imperial Alliance, while the Kivorian-Salvonic alliance became known as simply, the Coalition. Though the Argulumic Kingdoms as a whole contributed a vast amount of manpower to the Jenetian war effort, Jenetia discovered that while this manpower aws under the control of Argulumic generals, it was almost always wasted. Argulum, not seeing a major conflict in three generations, was plagued by the presence of an officer corps that had no military experience, save for the Argulaic and Argulackan armies.
Jenetia had been previously able to dissuade a Kivorian attack on the Hanuppan Canal by making it their major military and naval staging center. However, with the beginning of the Fourth Siege of Constantinopel in mid-68, by both the Imperial Alliance and the Coalition against Annon's Horde, Jenetian forces were strung so thin that slack had to be picked up by Argulumic forces from the Isles, much to the chagrin of the Jenetian tacticians.
The Battle of Hanuppa, fought between Kivorian and Argulumic forces, guaranteed victory in the Fourth Siege of Constantinopel for the Imperial Alliance. Paltry, untrained Argulumic soldiers defended the Hanuppan Canal from an army of a thousand Kivorian professionals, fresh from the Malakhanic In-Land Campaign. It was a horrible defeat, but the Argulumics managed to distract the forces of the Kivorians for enough days that the Kivorian divisions maintaining the siege at Constantinopel would not receive reinforcements.
The Fourth and final Siege of Constantinopel ended in the spring of 69 when Jenetian and Argulumic forces finally broke the defenses of the Makadics, and took the city. Meeting Kivorian forces within the streets, the carnage was terrible, but eventually Alliance forces prevailed, flying the Jenetian flag over the minarets of the port, or their ruins, yet again. Annon's Horde, ruined, dispersed. Annon the Cunning was not undone by a failure of wisdom, but by the luck of the gods, or so said the Jenetian soothsayers. And so it remains in the memory of Europa.
To the north, the Horde of Geddreth of the Warborn consolidated its position, resisting both Argulaic and Salvonican attempts to push back his forces, establishing himself in Warmia and introducing reforms to the structure of the Horde to facilitate its creation as a “power”, in the words of Geddreth. The remainder of the Great Europan War was several battles in the Europan Sea and in the Argulaic northlands. The Great Europan War ended in 81 with the signing of the Treaty of Corsuss at the feet of the Corsuss Mountains in north-eastern Malakhan. By the term of the Treaty of Corsuss, Kivoria, summarily defeated by the Imperial Alliance though hardly beaten as an economic power, was to cede all its Europan holdings save for the Kivorian homeland. Thanks to the efforts of the Salvonican emissaries, however, Salvonic maintained its hold over what had once been north-eastern Argulaica. Geddreth's Horde would over the next few years be challenged in a series of minor conflicts known as the Warmiak Wars, but would not be uprooted.
"I should very much like to see a Waldic state. It sounds like a comedy worthy of the greatest playwrights." - Varick the Wolf, Highlord of the Isles
The Waldic Revival, First Age 100-130
During the later years of the reign of Varick the Wolf, the aging Highlord of the Isles is purported to have become mentally unstable, senility waring away at his mental capacities. In 100 of First Age, the sixty-year-old monarch had several hundred Waldic slaves shipped away in a boat, along with several Argulic overseers to report back on their progress. Supposedly, the Highlord had entered a bet with one of his magistrates that the Waldics could never manage without Argulumic overlordship. Sailing far west, past the isle of New Argulum, the Waldics landed on the shores of a large island, purportedly the size of Europa. Promptly overpowering their Argulic overseers and disposing of them, or so reason must think, the Waldics set out into the wilderness...
In 110, Varick the Wolf died heir-less, and a grateful council elected Aetheldas of Dunlandde as Magistrate-Regent. In times to come, he would simply be referred to as Highlord of the Isles, despite his lack of royal blood. By this time, Waldics had come into contact with the native inhabitants of the island they had unintentionally colonized. The natives, calling themselves the Citians, told of the wonders of the continent to the west, and for a time a peaceful relationship of trade existed between the people of “Waldia Cambrigon”, (the name of the new Waldic nation, essentially, the Commonwealth of Waldia). However, in 114 an altercation involving Waldic regulars and Citian soldiers sparked into a skirmish, which eventually resulted in a full-scale battle. Escalation, continually proving itself to be a natural principle of human life, began the Waldic-Citian War in 114, lasting to 121. The war marked the expulsion of Citians from the “Isle of Cambrigon”, and the beginning of what would later be called Waldic nationalism. This would not be the end of the Waldic-Citian relationship...
By 130, Waldia Cambrigon had established itself as a full-fledged nation, with a burgeoning population, and the formation of a standing army. Representative government headed by a Consulate-Major proved itself to be the form of regulation, and the Waldics spread far and wide throughout the island, though discovering to their dismay that not all of it was exactly fit for habitation...
“Kivorians ruled the world, on the tip of a gold coin. No longer; but the world turns! What was, may come again. Perhaps Vorthon wills his people be great again. Perhaps a new king of Kivoria shall take up the sword. Perhaps...” - Epilogue, Horns in the Desert
The Kivorian Wars of Colonialism, First Age 130-160
It took several generations for Kivoria to truly recover from the Great Europan War. It would not be until 130 that Yared Hassim, a poet and scholar serving at the Temple of Vorthon near in Sinailiga wrote his Horns in the Desert, which arguably served to midwife the rebirth of the Kivorian nationalist spirit, and propel the Kivorian people on to their colonialist exploits of the mid-2nd century. Yared's saga, the tale of a survivor of the Second Siege of Constantinopel and his exploits throughout and after the Great War of Europa, inspired a great fire in the breasts of a Kivorian people desperate for self-affirmation in the “winter of their discontent”. Yared Hassim quickly moved up in the priesthood, gathering accolades of followers.
The cultural re-definition that followed Horns in the Desert gave birth to the Kivorian colonialist movement which was midwifed by the need for Kivorian merchants to reclaim the merchant marine they were to inherit from their forebears, the mercantile superiority that had been robbed of them by the Jenetian menace. The Kivorian government, taking example of this new commercial and expeditionary spirit, began to recruit citizens for colonization in the east, along the Asthurian subcontinent of Blellone. Spreading throughout the subcontinent, the Kivorians discovered that despite the humidity of the land, it was extremely fertile thanks to the presence of several rivers from which they could with little effort at all irrigate their farms. More government-sanctioned expeditions began, and more and more Kivorians arrived in Blellone. By 132, the subcontinent had been almost entirely absorbed.
Kivorian eyes turned to the north-east, but were surprised to discover that someone else had beaten them to the exploitation of the land. The people of Dymaea were alarmed by the sudden presence of a people they had never before had communications with appearing in their midst, not to mention the fact that they came armed and in large numbers. Informed by the leader of this first of many expeditions that the Kivorian people came in peace, they allowed themselves to enter a trading relationship with Kivoria. Vorthonism demanded that the Kivorian colonials bring the word of their god to the indigenous inhabitants of any new-found land.
And so the already tense relationship between Kivoria and Dymaea was increasingly ruined by the belligerent actions of Vorthonist priests, such as kidnapping small children for indoctrination into the order as clerics, or stealing food from fields and leaving the Book of Vorthon in its place. Kivoria, hardly the only theocratic society in the world, but certainly the most zealous, would not be stopped. Vorthon's word would spread far and wide, no matter the cost.
Enter Angkola; an island nation with holdings in the mainland of Asthur, the Angkolans were related to the Dymaeans, but were in culture and practice an entirely different beast. Dymaea, which did not maintain an overly large standing army or navy was in the past a great trading power, while Angkola had dedicated itself to mustering thousands upon thousands of men in the name of warfare. As of yet, these forces had not been used in an actual conflict. However, the Angkola were not at all as accepting of the Kivorians as their Dymaean cousins were...
The Kivorian Wars of Colonialism began in 135 when an expedition of Kivorian colonials and regulars landed on a peninsula that they would later discover was most-decidedly not open for colonization, but was in fact Angkolan territory. Pushing through the jungle, the Kivorian soldiers who were used to using their armor to impress villagers discovered that the natives were armed themselves. The battle occurring between provincials of the Angkolan army and Kivorian regulars was fought on the Peninsula of Adalon. When news of its events spread to the rest of Asthur, Dymaea immediately embargoed the Kivorians.
Dymaean and Angkolan officials signed the Pact of Cooperation in early 136, and began what could be called the First War of Kivorian Colonialism within the series. The First War was characterized by pitched battles along the rivers of Blellone, with an attempt on the part of Dymaea and Angkola to disrupt the young infrastructure the colonies had only just assembled.
The First War was a victory of sorts for Kivoria who ultimately did absorb the peninsula they first attacked, as well as some territory in the mainland. Ending in 141 with the signing of the Treaty of Edahar by Kivorian generals and the provincial magistrate, as well as representatives of the Pact of Cooperation from Dymaea and Angkola.
The Second War was arguably bound to begin at any time, though the actions of Dymaea did much to bring that time closer than it may have needed to be. In the border town of Ongolra, drunk Dymaean soldiers began to throw rocks at the town's walls. Priests within the towns attempted to shoo the soldiers away, but with no success. In fact, finally having enough of the priests' harrying, one of the soldiers unsheathed his sword and gored the priest in question. The news of this altercation spread quickly, and led to violence between Kivorian and Dymaean civilians. Eventually, by spring of 145, there was a riot large enough to incite a battle of sorts between Kivorian and Dymaean forces. Outside of Edahar, Dymaean citizens became so enraged by the continued presence of the Kivorian colonials, that several thousand slogan-shouting, pitchfork-wielding hotheads marched out of the gates of their own city and to the gates of the Kivorian provincial center of Edahar, where the Treaty which ended the First War had been signed only four years ago.
Inciting the soldiers there to fight them, this began the Battle of Edahar. The Second War was off to a start. Battles in the wilderness between Kivorian soldiers and their Pact counterparts ultimately ended in stalemate, and this continued up until 152, when the Second Treaty of Edahar was signed after seven years of conflict. The Second War was not by any means a victory for Kivoria, but it was not quite a defeat, either. Losing parts of their mainland conquests by term of the treaty, Kivorians were forced to relocate further west, but ultimately the war did little to impede the Kivorian colonialist movement.
The next few years of peace would set the stage for Kivoria's role in Europan events, as well as Asthurian ones...