Although I understand why they got rid of the science slider, I do hope that nations can pour money into things like research-directly from your coffers-in order to speed things along. After all, nations in the real world can prioritize research in their budgets, & so I feel it should be in the game.
Aussie.
If you have Gold in your coffers and want science then....
1. Take citizens focusing on producing gold and start making them produce science
2. Use Gold to rush buildings that will produce science
3. Buy Tiles that will allow you to support more science producing population
4. Pay for a Research pact with another civ
Keeping them Separate, ie Long term planning converts one to the other, would be the best.
I think
1 Research per regular population
5 Research per research specialist population (enable by Libraries/Universities, etc.)
would be reasonable.
so a Size 3 city with a Library allowing 2 specialists could outproduce a size 9 city where they are all working the tiles
Some Social Policies could increase the amount from ordinary population, some would increase the amount from specialists.
The problem I have with "duplicitous" AIs is that it makes them feel like death-match bots, rather than countries. Which breaks immersion.
And it makes alliances meaningless.
Which is why diplomacy modifiers should be applied to BOTH human and AI players, to increase immersion and make alliances useful.
And moving back to the Social Policy.... I think amorphous 'gpvernments' is Definitely preferable to having to choose particular governments/civics.
ie in WW2 all major powers had the effective benefit of a 'command economy' and 'mass propaganda' even without a revolution first. Some did not also have the benefit of a 'market economy' (ie USSR) or 'free speech' as well.
I think some of the social policies might be like Nationalism or Slavery, they give you the ability to DO something that has a cost... ie 'command economy' gives you the ability to 'mobilize' increasing production at the cost of commerce.
In this way strategic choices are preserved (whip or not whip) But the Ability to whip is acquired as culture develops.
(I do think a Revolution should allow you to Give up social achievements in one Branch for another)