Biological weapons are weapons that use pathogens, either viruses, bacteria, or fungi to kill or incapacitate the enemy. Some specific examples of pathogens are venom from snakes, poisoning of water supplies and wells, and special bombs with bacteria inside.
The history of Biological Warfare dates back to the 5th Ct. B.C. and before. The first mention of this weapon in history is Herodotus’ mention of the Sythians using special arrowheads. They covered the tips of their arrows with a combination of adder’s venom, human blood, and dung, which contained the bacteria for tetanus and gangrene, and venom that would attack red blood cells, nervous system and could even induce respiratory paralysis. A Scythian archer had a range of over 1,600 feet and could launch about twenty arrows per minute. Also, the Greek poet Sophocles told of a poison arrow wounding Philoctetes, in the play Philoctetes.
The weapons have evolved over time. After the Sythian arrowheads, the next occurrence in history was during the Peloponnesian War. While besieging Athens, the Spartans reportedly put hemlock in the wells, poisoning anyone who drank from it.
In 190 B.C., Hannibal, the Carthaginian General and military genius used snakes against Eumenes II of Pergomon. He filled jars with venomous snakes, and threw them onto the enemy’s ships. This caused panic, and Hannibal won an easy victory.
In the early 14th Century, the Tatars were besieging the city of Kaffa, which is modern day Feodosia, Ukraine. The Tatars used corpses with Oriental Rat fleas on them as catapult ammunition. When the bodies were launched over the walls, the fleas killed the citizens.
The worst case of biological warfare started in 1347, when the Black Death entered Europe. Also known as the Bubonic Plague, it spread across Europe in a matter of years, killing people in waves. Some of the worst cases occurred in the largest cities. In London, Paris, and Oxford, 66% of the population was killed. Overall, almost 1/3 of Europe’s population was killed.
The first confirmed case of Biological Warfare was during the Seven Year’s War, also known as the French and Indian War. The British soldiers in For Pitt were infected with Smallpox. What the British General did was collect the pus and scabs of the infected, and rub them on blankets and handkerchiefs. These items were highly favored among the Native American population. When the two sides met for a peace agreement, the British gave these blankets as a gift. These blankets were very deadly. Smallpox killed a large portion of the Native American population.
After the Seven Year’s war, the opening of modern Biological Warfare came during WWI. Germany tested many biological bombs, including Chlorine, Mustard Gas, and anthrax. The German Saboteurs used the anthrax and Glanders infection on French horses and mules, which made them sick and die. There are also reports of German spies sabotaging livestock in America even before they joined the war.
After WWI, certain kinds of biological warfare were condemned as illegal and inhumane. They would kill the people from the inside, and would be slow and painful. In 1925 the Geneva Convention deemed these types illegal on the battlefield. The group in charge of the Convention was the League of Nations, which became a structure for the United Nations.
An example of urban terrorist acts was in 1966. Bacillus subtilis, or Hay Bacillus was released into the sewer systems of New York City. Due to the rushing winds of the trains, and the open tunnels, the bacteria spread throughout the city.
The most modern famous bioweapon was during the Vietnam War. The Vietcong used many traps which involved biowarfare. The most deadly was the punji sticks. Punji sticks were either bamboo or other pieces of wood sharpened, then capped with feces. There were two main kinds of punji sticks. The first was a pit with the spikes in them. When the victim would step on the trap, he would fall in, and get impaled. If the spikes did not kill him, the bacteria in the feces would immediately go to the open wounds and kill him quickly. The second kind was an interesting contraption. The bamboo would be wrapped in a circle of outward spikes. Then the center would be covered in mud, which would harden. Then, it would be hung in a tree. When the trip wire would be pulled, the ball of bamboo, mud, and feces would fall, hitting the victim in the head and chest.