The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom is arguably the most powerful nation on the face of the planet. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom is, of course, Queen Victoria. In addition to vast colonial holdings in India, Africa, Mars, and Venus, Britain retains smaller territorial enclaves in the West Indies, the South Seas, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. A signatory (along with Italy and Austria-Hungary) of the Mediterranean Agreements of 1887, Britain maintains important naval bases at Gibraltar, Alexandria, and Malta, and obtained sovereignty over the island of Cyprus as a result of the Congress of Berlin. However, Germany's overseas expansionist aims, coupled with Austrian designs on the Balkans, are a source of increasing concern.
Population: (England, Scotland, Wales) 37 million.
Allies: No major ones.
Enemies: At various times and in different areas - Russia, France, Austria-Hungary, and Germany.
Aims: Stability.
France
Following crushing defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the 2nd Empire of Napoleon III fell and was replaced by the 3rd Republic, with the current president being M. Sardi-Carnot. While public sentiment was strongly in favor of recovery of the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, Chancellor Bismarck's skillful policy of alliances meant that France would stand alone in any conflict with Germany and would certainly lose (although increasing friction between Germany's ally Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire have made Russia increasingly open to French diplomatic overtures). In reaction to continental frustration, the military has undertaken a vigorous policy of colonial expansionism in Africa and Asia, and on Mars.
Population: 41 million.
Allies: Russia, under certain limited circumstances.
Enemies: Britain, Germany.
Aims: Reestablish France as a respected world power.
Italy
Italy has only existed as a unified state since the middle of the century. The reigning monarch is King Umberto I, and the government under Prime Minister Crispi is currently pursuing a vigorous colonial policy for reasons similar to those of France. Although France assisted Italy in gaining its independence from Austria, France is an eclipse while the German star shines brightly. Crispi has deliberately sought an alliance with Germany (and thus also with Austria-Hungary), but needs foreign adventures to distract the attention of the Italian citizenry from the northern borders. Austria-Hungary still holds territory inhabited by ethnic Italians, and irredentist sympathy (a desire for the return of these territories to Italy) runs high. The fighting in Eritrea and Abyssinia, and on Venus is intended to counter this.
Population: 34 million.
Allies: Germany, Austria-Hungary.
Enemies: None.
Aims: Expansion of colonial empire, particularly in Abyssinia and Tripoli.
Germany
The policies of crafty old Chancellor Bismarck have provided the German empire with a dense web of alliances which have virtually isolated France, her traditional enemy. The centerpiece of this system is the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Several smaller countries have joined the treaty system as well, most notable among them being Romania. Although Russia and Britain are becoming increasingly hostile, traditional animosity between them prevents formation of a genuine alliance, as does the traditional hostility between Britain and France.
Population: 57 million.
Allies: Austria-Hungary, Italy, Romania.
Enemies: France, United Kingdom.
Aims: Expansion of the colonies.