Portugal
Leader: Henrique o Navegador
Capital: Lisbon
Starting Bias: Coast/Hill/Grassland
Music Theme: A Portuguesa with fado style
Unique Unit: Carrack. Strength: 12. Ranged Combat: 6. Range: 2. Movement 6. Cost 90. This unique Portuguese unit replaces the caravel. It can sail through the waters of city-states without incurring negative influence for tresspassing. When a carrack discovers a city-state, the capital receives Great Merchant points equal to their gift of gold.
Unique Building: Feitoria
Unique Ability: Merchant Lane Monopolies. Researching Astronomy provides a free Great Merchant. The capital receives a bonus sum of Great Merchant points when another city builds a feitoria or when a mission for a city-state is completed. The capital receives a smaller sum of Great Merchant points whenever a city declares "We Love the King Day".
In precious civ games, portuguese always had the carrack, a useful unit, but portuguese sailors also used caravels as well. Actually, the term Nau is much more used than Carrack in portugal (itá a spanish term). Consult:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrack
Nau = galleon (i guess) and not caravel. Actually, I dont' know where to replace it as there are no galleon units in civV
In my idea, if they ever put PORTUGAL in civV, CARRACK should replace galleass with the ability of enter ocean in the middle of the medieval era (portuguese were the first european to expand out of low medieval europe) but have the same cost and strenght as the galleass. In other way, It could replace the caravel, but i think it wouldn't be the best idea:
"A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the
Portuguese to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel
In civilization IV feitoria is present as the UB for portugal. But in civIV each nation only had 1 UB and 1 UU. Now you can have 2UUs or 1UU and 1 UB, bringing more diversity to the game. As many buildings in civ are related to the western civilization, many western empires in the game have 2UU right? There are few unique buildings that corresponde to only one civ.
Feitoria was more a trading post than a building in a city. There were also feitorias from the dutch, the english, the french, etc.
"Factory (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; German "Faktorei", Portuguese "Feitoria", Dutch "Factorij") was the English term for the trading posts system originally established by Europeans in foreign territories, first within different states of medieval Europe, and later in their colonial possessions."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feitoria
Of course a feitoria is always related to portuguese as they established nome few in africa, asia america and europe. But the game could get more diversity to the nation (and against civIV) in portugal had a UU instead of a UB.
This was my line of thinking for the second unique. After a research I thought portugal should be related to something in brazilian expansion and colonization. Bandeirantes were kind of scouts and slave traders of the portuguese empire that expanded the borders of the colony of Brazil. They had major importance in the development of portugal as they found the gold mines that brought lots of gold to the empire.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeirantes
According to my idea: BANDEIRANTES (replaced musketman) had benefits for expansion. They could build mines or have more moviment points.
Abou the leader... Infante D. Henrique was very important in portuguese history but he was not a state leader, he was only focused on sea expansion. D. João II rulled the portuguese during their expansion. it is said that he sent sailors to india and they discovered brazil (before colombo discovered america). He was a very closed king who kept the state decisions only to his small court. he also sent spies to the middle east and asia.
So, portuguese UA should be related to merchants, exploration trought sea, city-state benefits or espionage. The idea of MARDUK80 is almost only related to great merchants. In fact, discovering a city-state is keeping diplomatic relations with it. That incluides trade. Portugal should me more related, in my opinion to contact with city states as carrack is related to sea discovery and bandeirantes to land exploration or improvment.
The name of the UA proposed by MARDUCK80 is a really good one. But it should have something more related to a portuguese national simbol (as england has SUN NEVER SETS, america has MANIFEST DESTINY, ...)
So, according to this arguments, I think PORTUGAL should have: Leader: John II; UA: SEAS NEVER BEFORE SAILED (passage of THE LVSIADAS) that gives a free great merchant when reaching the renaissance (or discovering astronomy; When playing with a sea exploration civ it's almost the same in the most cases) and double gold if first to discover a city-satate (portuguese were the first europeans to trade with asian cities by sea in a direct way).
Satring bias and music theme idealized by MARDUCK80 are really good.
This is just my opinion with the respective arguments. As I would like to see portugal in civ V again, I thought I should explore these forums and give my small contribution. I will try to give more suggestions to Poland-Lithuania, Assyria, etc.