Cradle of Man

Just wanted to give an update - so far, I have finished the maps for archaeological cultures, the current population distribution of Homo sapiens, and the spread of domesticated/semi-domesticated dogs, otters, and langurs. I'm currently working on one for cormorants, and then I plan to do ones for language families, cities, crops (IE rice), and haplogroups, as well as (if I can get it to work) a diagram describing how the archaeological cultures evolved before I write the update.

Given that, while I hope to get the update out late tonight, it might not be ready quite yet. Still unsure.

If you have any questions/comments, please feel free to post.
 
Currently, it appears that - excepting haplogroups, which I may put up between updates since they don't impact much on your end - all maps should be done by the end of tonight. Write-ups and phonetic systems may take another couple days, however.
 
The Dawn of the Neolithic

By the end of the Paleolithic, the Canokoi culture had split into three branches: Upper Canokoi, which is notable as being the first source of pottery in the archaeological record; Middle Canokoi, which maintained many similarities to the previous stages of the culture, and Lower Canokoi, which became more sedentary as it developed higher along the network of rivers and lakes dotting the highlands. There is believed to have been significant contact between sites of all three variants, as Lower Canokoi remains in particular show art styles and pottery distinctly originating from elsewhere.

Further northwards, the first urbanized societies began to develop. The oldest and most settled of all of these comes from the Sedentary Hamanas stage, where numerous ancient cities have been uncovered, including sites associated with the first evidence of human warfare and locations showing evidence of the first agriculture - specifically, rice paddies and terraces. The Late Helleroi, Sedentary Laakeroi, and Late Otterman sites also show early evidence of urbanization, though to a much lesser degree, and with a diet that seems to have become progressively more based on fishing in each location, rather than the establishment of agriculture.

Elsewhere on the continent, settled non-urban societies appeared with the High Outrigger culture, a more temperate-climate variant of the Outrigger culture noted for what appear to be permanent settlements, and the only non-Canokoi sites with observed pottery on the eastern continent by this point in time.

Perhaps the biggest mystery of this time period, though, is the appearance of the Islander Masepotami B sites, which - despite showing very marked similarities to the earlier stages of the culture - have astounded archaeologists for years by being located on the other end of the continent.

Elsewhere in the world, Zāqí sites appear to have diversified dramatically in this time period; the Harpoon Zāqí independently developed toggle-headed harpoons on many of the more distant islands, while the Zuimei sites on the mainland appear to blend High Zāqí elements with permanent settlements, pottery, and relatively realistic human statuettes. Further inland, the Lushan culture leaves a record similar to the Zuimei, though with preference to animals rather than humans in sculpture, as well as atlatls that appear to have been derived from the designs of neighbouring groups.

Further north lie the few remains of the Bogan culture; little evidence has been found of their existence besides the eponymous figures; man-sized, faceless, and considered rather eerie by many who find them today.

Spoiler Archaeological Cultures :
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At the end of this period, the world underwent a dramatic shift in climate. Researchers have indicated that this event - likely the result of a supervolcanic eruption - impacted human society rather drastically; many areas became depopulated, and the worldwide Homo sapiens population dropped significantly, with the subsequent small isolated populations creating the multi-bottleneck seen in our genetic heritage today. By the time the climate had begun to recover, mankind had entered the Neolithic period, and the estimated world population was around 500,000 individuals.

Spoiler Cormorant fishing :
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Spoiler Spread of dogs :
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Spoiler Spread of semi-domestic langurs :
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Spoiler Use of otters :
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Spoiler Rice-based agriculture :
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Spoiler Major language families :
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Spoiler Cities :
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Cultures/Ethnic Groups and Religions
As we have now entered the dawn of urbanized societies, we're going to switch gears. For this immediate step, quite a bit is going to be handed over to you guys to decide. Over the course of the next week or two, you may submit as many cultures and religions as you would like. I will not be updating daily, though I may let you know if your post has been approved or if it needs some more work.

Religions: Religions in this time period are largely animistic/polytheistic, though beyond those suggested guidelines, there is little I will do to interfere, so long as it makes sense for the people in the region to develop. If you want to suggest a religion, mark a general location on the map you would like it to be and describe the religion in detail. You may mark the same or nearby locations as others.

Cultures/Ethnic Groups: These work basically the same way as religions. Unlike archaeological cultures, these are going to work more like how one would generally interpret the word. As with religions, mark any (inhabited) location on the map and describe your group; they should have at least some basis in the archaeological cultures of the region, though you are obviously free to elaborate much more.

If you wish to name your groups, you will need to contact me so I can try to explain language families to you. Also, as a reminder, writing has not been developed yet, and we are still in the stone age.

Spoiler OOC comments :
As always, I would like to note a few things:
1st, haplogroups have been pushed off until some other point.

2nd, I spent a lot of time trying to figure out how to best represent language families. In the end, I decided that showing the spread would be simplest, and adding names as we go should make things a bit easier. If you want to name something, feel free to contact me, and I will try my best to help you understand that family's rules.

3rd, cities are *small*. Only a couple hundred people in the largest.

For those curious, the world population is somewhere between 25 and 50% of OTL, depending upon who you ask.


You may now post. Feel free to ask any questions.
 
The Sínja korù of the Rice Plateau (Hamanas)

Mythology:
The world the Sínja korù inhabit is a living one. The world and the spirit world have existed forever in their current state. The material world is mundane and solid and what humans inhabit. The Spirit world is very different, though it is a reflection of the material one. Physical things, events, strong emotions, and metaphysical concepts spawn spirits, who inhabit the spirit world. Most of these spirits the boundaries of reality unassisted, unless they have help from a shaman. Great and powerful spirits can cross over without a problem, though very rarely do so. Instead, their effects tend to be felt even when they remain in the spirit world. Additionally, Shamans (Sekemns) can throw themselves over into the spirit world, at least mentally. Sekemns exist to build alliances and relationships with spirits, ensuring their people are safe.

The Halaxi believe themselves to be patronized as a people by a Great Spirit, or Great Ensha, known as Mígwon. Mígwon is a great hound, born of the friendship between Sínja korù and Dog. As such, the dog plays an important part in the symbolism of the Sínja korù, representing both Strength and Trust. Additionally, Theran and Jenashak, the Ensha of the great rivers, Shírnash, the Great Otter, Shul, the Ensha of the sun, and Aymo, one of the greater embodiments of love, are are believed to be spirits friendly to humanity.

The Shape an Ensha may take is defined greatly by what kind of Ensha it is, though power is a limiting factor. A Very minor fire Ensha, for example, can only be a spark or small flame, while a Great Fire Ensha can appear as anything even vaguely connected to fire. The Truly Powerful Ensha have no restriction on shape.

The Sínja korù believe that humans, otters, and dogs are the only creatures with souls. In death, their souls (and that of dogs and otters) makes a perilous journey through the spirit world, travelling northwards, until finally arriving and joining with the “Mawr Ansa,” the Sea of Souls, an ocean comprised of the souls of the unborn, where they are washed of their sins and memories, and sent back into life as a newborn child, puppy, or kit. The Soul, when it enters the Mawr Ansa is burdened by the weight of the sins committed in life, which drags souls of sinners deeper into the depths of sea, thus taking longer to return to the surface to be reborn. All agree, however, that for a soul to make the journey from death to the Mawr Ansa alone is to court complete destruction. As such, Sekemns are meant to petition friendly minor Ensha to protect and accompany the souls of the recent dead in the village or city, and some even sacrifice a loyal dog upon the death of its owner, so that their souls may safely travel together and be reborn together. Dead bodies are buried, usually with a sacrificed (or recently dead) Pirgwon, and a pitcher of water is poured over the grave to remind the soul of the dead where it needs to go.

With regards to the faith of other people, the Sínja korù simply believe that the “gods” of others are simply great Ensha who have demanded a specific kind of worship from humans. Sínja korù do not approve of this, as the stories have always said that spirits of that kind are generally not friendly to humans, but know better than to try to actively offend them. A Sínja korù travelling to lands ruled by gods will generally carry with them a metal spiral, a token of a friendly Ensha, for protection.

Sínja korù believe that the spiral is a difficult shape for Ensha to understand, both confusing and enthralling them, and only those invited in are easily able to travel a spiral unhindered.

Society:
All Sínja korù are led by a balance of secular and spiritual power. Whether greater power in a Sínja korù City or tribe resides in a King (Known as Krek) or a Megshekem depends entirely on the group, and likely shifts depending on the charisma and strength of the individual.

The Spiritual guardians of the Sínja korù are the Sekem, who are drawn up from the ranks of the people of the city based on prophetic dreams they or an already ordained Shekem may have at any age between five and fifteen. Traditionally, shekem were trained in an apprenticeship system with an older shekem teaching a younger shekem everything they know (lore, history, medicine, etc), and, theoretically, passing along the relationships that he has with local spirits. This still tends to happen in smaller Sínja korù villages. However, the advent of larger cities has shifted the focus of shekem training from a one-on-one practice to a more academic institutionalized one, though students are still selected through the traditional methods. In cities, Shekem also serve as historians, bureaucrats, and record keepers. Often, in these cases, though Shekem may have Alliances with individual spirits, the city as a whole also has it’s own network of relationships, especially with the spirit of the city.

The Krek is a hereditary position, and is meant to lead the people in all manners secular. Some evidence suggests that this position was originally a “chief-diplomat,” in charge of interacting with other groups of people. However, be that as it may be, the Krek now is ostensibly the one in charge of the military, trade, and development. Beneath the Krek, and there to assist them, are the noble families.

Also powerful, though not nearly as much as the Nobility are the Brewers, who hold a special place in society, as they produce beer and wines (Fruit and honey.) These products are seen by the Sínja korù as key to nearly all formal social interactions.

Subservient to them are craftsmen, farmers, and artisans, who generally live on the outskirts of cities and come in to sell their products.

Gender roles within Sínja korù society are segregated at the lowest levels, and completely open at within the higher ranks. A Krek can be a woman, and as Sekems are discovered through spiritual means, there are as many men as women.

Material Culture:
At the heart of the greatest Sínja korù city or meanest village is the Enshasal, or Spirit Hall, the place used by a Shekem to commune with spirits. This building is circular with paths in a reversing spiral towards a central chamber, which holds at it’s heart a slightly recessed ritual pit, where a Shekem will attempt to intercede with spirits. Lining the hallways to the ritual chamber are images of the spirits that the Shekems know to inhabit the corresponding area in the spirit world, with images of the greatest Ensha (Usually some combination of Migwon, Shirnash, Thylai, Theran, Jenashak, Shul, Aymo, and the spirit of the city)

The Enshasal itself is a dome with a hole in the roof at the top of the dome, above the ritual pit.

While small villages will have nothing more for the shekem than the Enshasal, great cities will boast immense walled complexes housing sleeping quarters, classrooms, kitchens, libraries, kennels, etc, around truly massive (Relatively) Enshasal, which always must be in their own open courtyard at heart of the complex.

The Sínja korù Temple complexes are also inhabited by a breed of dog called Pirgwon. These dogs have been bred by Sekems for generations for small size, friendliness, loyalty, and intelligence, and are allowed to roam freely throughout the temple complex, and sometimes even the city. Pirgwon are easily recognizable by their small size, flattened face, curled tail, and short red and black mottled fur. Pirgwon, when they age, are sacrificed and buried with the dead, so that both the soul of the Pirgwon and that of the human may travel together to the Mawr Ansa. Similarly, Otters are allowed to roam free.

The spiral is not important only in ritual architecture, but also in secular architecture. The homes of the richest individuals tend to be large complexes of interconnecting spiral hallways, with rooms juxtaposed in unexpected manners. The complexity of these homes decreases with lower economic status, until the poor must make do with a simple circular home, a paltry protection against hostile spirits: And indeed, the the poor are often sicklier than the rich.

Sínja korù bath regularly, believing that doing so brings them closer to their original state near the Mawr Ansa. Every affluent house has a bathing room, but poorer Sínja korù must make do with bathing less often, and usually in the rivers.

The calendar of the Sínja korù is a lunar calendar is used for ritual purposes by Shekems.

Sínja korù historically were not hugely keen on wearable jewelry, though obviously with outside influence, modern Sínja korù do. Traditionally, Sínja korù adorned themselves with tattoos in intricate interwoven spiral and dot patterns. Shekems tend to wear thin robes and sport shaved heads tattooed with the aforementioned spirals.

Abbreviated History:
Human, otter, and dog were born on the shores of the Mawr Ansa ages ago, both creatures of the material world and endowed with the inner light of the spirit world. In those days, death was not an obstacle, as the souls of the death had only to travel from the shores of the lake into the water itself, and back out. Deva, an Ensha of death, watched over the people, warding hostile Ensha away.

But, in the darkness of night, the foul Ensha Sova the Brackish, who had long been jealous of mankind, attacked, and with him came a great wave of dark water which poured into the Mawr Ansa, forever tainting the souls of the dead. Nemor, an Ensha of memory, sacrificed himself for a human friend, melting into the Sea himself, causing the Mawr Ansa to make the dead forget the impurities and giving individuals a choice between good and evil. Sova and Deva engaged in a combat that still occasionally shakes the earth to this day. Humanity was forced to leave the spirit world by the rising water, travelling in a myriad of direction, and becoming all the people of the earth.

The Sínja korù travelled south, guided out of the spirit world by Mígwon while their retreat was covered by Shírnash the Otter. For forty years and forty days, the Sínja korù roamed, until the Shekem Elel spoke to the Spirits Theran and Jenashak, who both gave the Sínja korù leave to settle on the shores of their river and taught them irrigation and farming.

And so, over the next thousand years, the Sínja korù built a number of walled cities, the greatest being the twin cities of Gunjyo and Uimei, on their respective rivers. A series of petty kingdoms and Shekem-doms rose and fell, and never were the Sínja korù truly united.

The Great Langur-Ensha Thylai gave the Sínja korù Rice and a myriad of other foods and spices, but is not considered trustworthy, a trickster, just as willing to take as to give, and similarly, his agents, the Langurs, are tolerated, honored, but never trusted.
 
I would ideally like to see some submissions soon, to confirm there is still interest in this project
 
The Saki Religion

The Saki Religion has become prevalent in Damakasi. Centered around this 'religion' is the belief in the 10 fire spirits (to be named). Legend says that these fire spirits combined are what creates reality, and they can be found in everything. These fire spirits take turns floating across the sky in order to observe their world (the sun) and every 10 times they are overhead the rotation begins anew. However each spirit allegedly makes his material home in the 'Fire Mountains', the closest of which is to the northwest of Damakasi and is home to the Fire Spirit Lord Sakred.

The people of Damakasi and those who inhabit the nearby countryside have taken to making sacrifices to this Fire Mountain in the hopes of receiving the Fire Lord's favor in this life and the next. They believe that this world seems like reality now, however is but a dream, and upon waking they will find themselves in service to the great Fire Spirits. Therefore when somebody dies, their corpse must be taken to the great Fire Mountain on pilgrimage by the designated pilgrim. This pilgrim is responsible for making the trip every time somebody dies. The corpse is then burned on the slopes of this fire mountain, preferably using the flowing fire that the Fire Lord sends to bring them to his halls (lava if the volcano is active). Perhaps most peculiar, this 'pilgrim' for lack of a better word is always training an apprentice. Once every 400 turns of the sun, or 40 cycles of the fire spirits passing overhead, the pilgrim will set himself on fire on the mountain while on pilgrimage, and his apprentice will take over for the next 400 turns.

These followers of Saki believe that the fire spirits have an ancient nemesis in the great blue water expanse that lies stretching forever away from their city. This ocean was created by and is ruled by the Water Titan Gryuf. Therefore, any 'criminals' (namely murderers) in the city are to brought to justice by being sent out on a crude raft while tied up, or if they are willing to first be beaten severely so that they cannot stand up for days, then they are allowed to be sent out untied. These criminals are forced to build their own rafts in the space of time of 20 turns of the sun when the season is hottest and 30 turns of the sun when the season is coldest.

Least important is the Spirit of the Sky, Kadwulf, who maintains the peace between the fire spirits, who together form reality, and the Water Titan Gryuf who wishes to wrap all of reality in his depths, by keeping them apart.

Dogs, widely domesticated in this area, are said to be minions of Kadwulf, and as long as they have left a litter are always sent into the wilds when their owners are taken to the Fire Mountain after they die. Dogs are always held in high esteem, and are considered equal to other humans before the law when it comes to things such as murder.

NOTE: Feel free to edit as necessary, especially the names as I was unsure if this fit the time period or if the names fit the language family.
 
Please post initial drafts (and/or corrections) by the end of the day Monday for me to review. I'll review/streamline what we have then and display that on the map.

That's not to say you can't post after - you certainly will be able to - but me being able to review a bit will give us something to look at and hopefully start to make some of the linguistic stuff clearer. Mind you, I can't do that without submissions.
 
The Paiwiq of the Forests (Lushan)

Mythology:
The world has no beginning and no end, and nor do the Paiwiq. The clans of the Paiwiq have always lived alongsides the Auroch of the temperate forests, both in life and in death, and that mutual respect and balance is what keeps the world flowing.

As such, balance is an integral part of the worldview of the Paiwiq. Without it, the world is not right, and suffering and despair stalk the land. Every Paiwiq know the stories about the great cold, where the balance of the world was thrown into disarray because the Paiwiq hunted too many Aurochs and grew too numerous. It was only when the ideal balance had once again been restored that the world became a pleasant, if hard place to live. Balance is important on a personal level as well. the Paiwiq know that the seasons are caused by the regular migrations of two ancestors so out of balance their impact on the physical world lasts months: Gyerm the Witherer and Hawan of the Sighs, who legend says are lovers constantly looking for each other, but always missing each other and cursed to do so until they can find balance within, which most agree will be all eternity away.

The Greatest story the Paiwiq tell is that of when the world went cold because of their pride and hubris, and only went back to normal when they learned humility. As such, Paiwiq beleifs do not honor the grear individual as much as the ensemble of humanity. Every human is worthy of honor, even if it is not necessarily apparent during their life. As such, paiwiq have no tradition of great heroes, or stories of great chiefs, instead, they have stories of adversity overcome by entire clans, or even groups of clans coming together.

The Paiwiq believe that their souls endure beyond death, and that every clan is accompanied by a ghostly retinue of all the ancestors who have long since passed. These ghosts are invisible to the human eye, but exist much like they did as they lived, hunting ghostly auruchs. The dead can affect the living in a number of subtle, or not so subtle ways. Sickness and injury are ascribed to having offended an ancestor, while good luck is believed to be the guiding hand of an ancestor.

As such, the Paiwiq hope to not offend their ancestors, and know that when they die, they will be honored. As such, when an individual dies, they are carved in effigy, small stylistic humanoid figurines which range from pinky sized to half the height of a man. (Many archaeologists believe that the Bogan of the neighboring Bogan people served a similar purpose.)

The Paiwiq believe that the power of Ancestors grows with their age, and that those who died thousands of years prior are nearly all powerful, though so far removed from their human descendants they very rarely intervene, except to punish them as a whole if the people exist too much out of balance. The Paiwiq do not resent this, as they would much rather be punished by their ancestors than suffer what would happen if the world were once again unbalanced.

Society:
Paiwiq society is fairly egalitarian, though gender roles are strict when a woman is pregnant and until the infant is able to walk on their own. Outside of that period of time, women hunt as well as men, and may lead clans.

All Paiwiq clans follow an associated Auroch herd on it’s migrations, which over time have grown used to the presence of humans. The Paiwiq jealously protect this herd from intruders, whether it be human or animal. If a herd dies, so does the clan.

The Paiwiq mostly subsist from products gathered from the Auroch. Meat is gathered when the herd grows too large, but that is a rare occurrence. Most of the Protein in Paiwiq diet is drawn from dairy products, with all other nutrients gathered from vegetable sources and small game hunting. Nearly all Paiwiq carry a pouch made the stomach of an Auroch into which they put milk. This, reacting with the enzymes in the pouch, curdle and churn into a thick, yogurty cheese like substance which is the primary food source of the Paiwiq.


Material Culture:

Nomadic by nature, Paiwiq return to the same sites year after year as they follow the Auroch on their travels. Summering and wintering in different repeating places, and travelling in between, Paiwiq build semi-permanent stone and wooden homes in their areas of repeated occupation, while living in large leather tents during their migration.

These semi-permanent settlements are dotted with figurines of the ancestors, planted into the ground seemingly at random. As such, it is not uncommon to find areas with no signs of human occupation any longer aside for the thousands of variously sized figurines planted into the ground.

The Paiwiq make great use of the Atl Atl in warfare and in hunting.

The Paiwiq wear leather outfits decorated with complex and aesthetically pleasing embossing and peircing. Most of their clothes are also decorated with softly decorated soapstone, jade, amber, sea-shell, eggshell and bone beads. Paiwiq wear their hair in long twisted knots, each of which is meant to represent important events in the life of the bearer. It is said that it is possible to read every aspect of an individual in the knots in their hair, and that the greatest punishment for a crime is to shave off the hair of the criminal, as with it, they lose their identity.
 
The Tanuri of the Lake (Laakeroi)

Mythology:

Before the gods, there was nothing. So they came and created the world and all the creatures in it, none of them intelligent enough to love or hate, and with that they were satisfied, with the exception of one of them. Sahatar, one of the prominent gods, designed and created the human race alone, without the consent of the others. Finished the job, he made them emerge on the banks of a large lake. When the other gods discovered, they were enraged, and convinced by Harunur, old enemy of Sahatar, they decided to punish him. After a long and terrible struggle, which greatly contributed to the destruction of parts of the world (generating deserts, chasms and caves ...), Sahatar, powerful but outnumbered, was defeated. To humiliate him, and also frighten the newborn humanity, Sahatar was condemned to remain chained at the bottom of the great lake for all eternity, yielding to the place the name of "Lake of Tears", or Dari do Kaha. It is said that with meditation and proper preparation, you can see in the lake depths the fallen god. There is also a prophecy indicating his return, and some even claim that he did not finish his work, and still has a lot to give and teach to mankind.

Individual details about each deity are yet to be done.

Society:

Relatively egalitarian society with no remarkable differences in the roles that each gender takes. Both men and women take leadership roles, and notions of family cores include the whole clan, with the oldest member in the lead.

The entire population lives as close as possible to the lake, considered sacred. Therefore, fishing is their main source of food, which facilitated germination of small fisher communities along the shore, each dominated by one or more clans. The largest of these communities is in Nahazara, where there is a huge cave, also considered sacred. According to local belief, it was there that humans took shelter for the first time after creation. Since then, there has been gathered a considerable amount of stone artifacts, which were deposited there as a tribute to the gods, whose wrath the people fear.

At this rudimentary city, three rival clans are dominant (names to come). Coexistence is the norm, but there are still cases of conflicts between them.


The Zarihani (Helleroi)

Coming soon.
 
This is still ongoing; I just have been quite busy lately. I do, generally, expect this to be a slower-updating game, and still encourage more submissions.
 
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