^The Toltecs ruled much of Maya central Mexico from the tenth to twelfth centuries A.D. The Toltecs were the last dominant Mesoamerican culture before the Aztecs, and inherited much from Maya civilization. The Toltec capital was at Tula, 80 kilometres north of Mexico City. The most impressive Toltec ruins, however, are at Chichen Itza in Yucatan, where a branch of Toltec culture survived beyond the civilization's fall in central Mexico.
^The Toltecs were Nahuatl-speaking people who held sway over what is now central Mexico from the 10th to the 12th century AD. Their name has many meanings: an "urbanite," a "cultured" person, and, literally, the "reed people," derived from their urban centre, Tollan ("Place of the Reeds"), near the modern town of Tula, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Mexico City. About AD 900 they sacked and burned the great city of Teotihuacan under the leadership, according to tradition, of Mixcoatl ("Cloud Serpent").
^Under his son, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, they formed a number of small states of various ethnic origins into an empire later in the 10th century.
^The ruler Topiltzin introduced the cult of Quetzalcóatl, which name he adopted.
^The important gods were Tezcaltlipoca (god of the night and the darkness), Tláloc (god of the rain) and the vegetation Centéotl god of the corn ltzpapáloti or butterfly of obsidian Tonatiuh or solar god.
This cult and others, as well as the Toltec military orders of the Coyote, the Jaguar, and the Eagle, were introduced into important Mayan cities to the south in Yucatan, such as Chichen Itza and Mayapan, indicating the broad influence of the Toltec. The advent of the Toltec also marked the rise of militarism in Mesoamerica. They also were noted as builders and craftsmen and have been credited with the creation of fine metalwork, monumental porticoes, serpent columns, gigantic statues, carved human and animal standard-bearers, and peculiar reclining Chac-Mool figures. Beginning in the 12th century the invasion of the nomadic Chichimec destroyed the Toltec hegemony in central Mexico. Among the invaders were the Aztec, or Mexica, who destroyed Tollan about the mid-12th century.
^Whether it was imposed on them or adopted by choice, the fact that the Maya of Chichen Itza incorporated so much of Toltec culture is significant. Although no absolute connection has been established, the emergence of Kukulcan, the Mayan version of the feathered serpent god Quetzalcoatl, coincided with the height (or possibly the collapse) of the Toltec civilization. The legend of the priest-king Quetzalcoatl of Tula and his self-imposed banishment to the East have been frequently linked to the emergence of the Mayan god Kukulcan and the assimilation of Toltec culture at Chichen Itza. Feathered rattlesnake images are everywhere at Chichen Itza.