19th century thinkers often got a lot of things right in that regard because they seem more perceptive and more honest. And even if they turn out to be wrong, they still may produce a couple of highly useful insights in the process that can be used more generally.
The guy of my current avatar believed that British culture produced inferior philosophy, because the English language doesn't allow the same precision of explaining concepts as German and especially French. Thus, Analytic philosophers were pretty much predestinied to come from Anglo-American culture according to that view. That may be untrue, however, in the process, he raises a point how language may affect our perception. Which may be kinda true.
And national cultures (and regional variations on them per province) are a thing: To know a language or dialect, what kind of local holidays and commerations they have and how they celebrate it gives a unique view how a culture tends to look at things. It feels differently than anything you have seen. Although here already a cultural problem itself presents: You are American and your culture is universally understood. You will have trouble perceiving other cultures (altough not subtle differences per state or regions within those states) because everyone you know (including myself) will put up an Anglo-American mask to make themselves understandable to you. To be frank, it is easier - as in less likely to appear hostile or racist - to make the thesis I have brought before you in my native Dutch as opposed to English. The majority of the world populace doesn't speak Dutch. And the Dutch, French and German mentalies are more sensitive to cultural differences than Anglo-Americans, especially considering the latter's dominance worldwide.
So I don't know how far you want to get into specific examples or general concepts, but the quote in that other thread wasn't about whether or not the Palestinians had a word for the concept of schadenfreude. You pretty explicitly said the Israelis were making fancy technology while all those Palestinians were committing terrorist acts. For comparison's sake, we could quote-dive back to get specific lines from all kinds of writers, French, Spanish, English, etc. on colonialism and you will find the same common threads with the same racial undertones.
But to stay general, I'm not saying there are not differences in language across borders. What I'm saying is that people ultimately value a lot of the same things. All the big Western nations have holidays commemorating their soldiers or celebrating the winter solstice, for example. The tiny details differ, the language used differs, but the same intent is there. Everyone values their family and community in their own way. And I'd argue that a rural farmer in Europe or Southeast Asia or wherever, even if he speaks a different language and celebrates a different holiday, has an awful lot in common with a farmer in rural America in terms of their daily routine and providing for their family. A lot more in common than, say, a wealthy patrician in their home country.
The universal understanding of American culture, I think, is just another expression of the similarities of people across borders. But it's not just the US exporting tons of Hollywood movies all over the world--the Beatles came to America, as have other Canadian and British musicians. Modern technology has only made it possible to realize that similarity, and since people all over like it, they listen to it, watch it, etc.