(Hurley, pp. 35-38)
Directions from the book: Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e. the presence of indicator words, the nautre of the inferential link between premises and conclusion, or the character or form of argumentation.)
#2. The plague on the leaning tower of Pisa says that Galileo performed experiments there with falling objects. It must be the case that Galileo did indeed perform those experiments there.
My answer:
#3. The rainfall in Seattle has been more than 15 inches every year for the last thirty years. Therefore, the rainfall next year will probably be more than 15 inches.
My answer:
#6. The longer a pendulum is, the longer it takes to swing. Therefore, when the pendulum of a clock is lengthened, the clock will slow down.
My answer:
#9. Although both front and rear doors were found open after the burglary, there were pry marks around the lock on the rear door and deposits of mud near the threshold. It must be the case that the thief entered thorugh the rear door and left through the front.
Your turn to answer...
#11. Cholesteral is endogenous with humans. Therefore, it is manufactured inside the human body.
My answer:
#14. If cigarette smoking costs $65 billion annually in health care and lost productivity, then cigarette taxes should be raised to reflect this cost. But cigarette smoking does cost $65 billion annually in health care and lost productivity. Therefore, cigarette taxes should be raised to reflect this cost.
Your turn to answer...
#17. Because the apparent daily movement which is common to both the planets and the fixed stars is seen to travel from the east to the west, but the far slower single movemets of the single planets travel in the opposite direction from west to east, it is therefore certain that these movements cannot depend on the common movement of the world but should be assigned to the planets themselves.
(Johannes Kepler,
Epitomy of Copernican Astronomy)
My answer:
#18. Reserves of coal in the United States have an energy equivalent of 33 times that of oil and natural gas. On a world-wide basis the multiple is about 10. By shifting to a coal-based economy, we could satisfy our energy requirements for at least a century, probably longer.
(William L. MAsterson and Emil J. Slowinski,
Principles of Chemistry)
My answer:
#21. That [the moons of Juupiter] revolve in unequal circles is manifestly deduced from the fact that at the longest elongation from Jupiter it is never possible to see two of these moons in conjunction, whereas in the vicinity of Jupiter they are found united two, three, and sometimes all four together.
(Galileo Galilei,
The Starry Messenger)
Your turn to answer...
#24. The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body.
(Alexander Hamilton,
Federalist Papers, No. 78)
My answer:
#27. Ordinary things that we encounter every day are electrically neutral. Therefore, since negatively charged electrons are a part of everything, positively charged particles must also exist in all matter.
(James E. Brady and Gerard E. Humiston,
General Chemistry)
Your turn to answer... (this is another tough one in my opinion.)
#30. Because the moon moves relative to the earth so that it returns to the same position overhead after about 25 hours, there are two high and two low tides at any point ever 25 hour.
(Douglas C. Giancoli,
The Ideas of Physics, 3rd ed.)
My answer:
