History
Peter I Karađorđević was one of Serbia's greatest rulers, bringing a country that had fallen on trying times to a shining golden age in the early 20th century. He rose from a prince in exile to a revolutionary hero, and recovered the country's fortunes after the Great Eastern Crisis, and uniting the Balkans into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Though his reign was short and cut off by illness, he is nonetheless remembered as a hero of the Serbian people.
Early Life
Born in 1844 in Belgrade, Peter was born to the then reigning Prince Alexander Karađorđević. Their rival house, the Obrenović family, were oft clashing heads with that of Karađorđević, and the refusal of Serbia to join the Crimean War against Russia tipped the scales It was in 1858, when Peter was fourteen years old, that Miloš Obrenović I seized power, forcing Alexander to abdicate, his family exiled from the country.
Exile
As a young adult, Peter spent much of his time in Geneva and parts of France, studying at the Parisian École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr. At the age of 26, he served as an irregular during the Franco-Prussian War, with following service in the elite 1st Foreign Regiment of the Foreign Legion.
In 1875, a Serbian uprising against the Ottomans kicked off the Great Eastern Crisis. Peter adopted the name Petar Mrkonjić and joined the Serbian insurgency, and began gaining popularity, to the point where Prince Milan Obrenović ordered Peter to leave for fear of losing the throne. Marrying Princess Zorka of Montenegro, Peter raised five children in the country for ten years, until the death of the princess prompted him to move the family to Switzerland.
Rise to Power
Finally, in 1903, at 59 years of age, Peter reclaimed the Serbian throne, following a coup against Alexander I Obrenović and his family. Popular both amongst the citizens and the nobility, Peter followed in the footsteps of modern politics from France and Switzerland, and molded Serbia into a constitutional monarchy in their image. It was a great success, and for the next 11 years, Serbia saw a golden age like none it had known before, with unprecedented freedom of press and cultural growth. Known to champion the ideal of a pan-Slavic nation, Peter enjoyed popularity for success in the Balkan Wars, where Serbia expanded through victory over long-bitter rivals.
World War I
By the outbreak of World War I, Peter had passed his royal duties to his son, Crown Prince Alexander, due to age and declining health. Despite this, he remained in the public eye, a symbol bolstering Serbian morale during the war by frequently visiting soldiers in the front lines - on one occasion even picking up a rifle to shoot down enemy soldiers. However, by the next year Serbia was overrun on all sides, and Peter led the retreating Serbian forces through Albania, where their French allies transported his government in exile to Corfu for the remainder of World War I. The journey had killed many and left the king in poor health. When the war ended in 1818, Peter was declared king of a unified Yugoslavia, fulfilling his ambitions - but he did not enjoy it for long, for in 1921 he died in Belgrade, at the age of 77.
Legacy
Peter I is undoubtedly one of the most celebrated figures in Serbian history, leading the ever-tumultuous region into an age of progress and prosperity. He brought modern ideals of liberty to people who had long lived under foreign conquerors, and served as a symbol of hope during the country's darkest hour at the nexus of one of the deadliest conflicts in global history. His ambition of a Yugoslavian nation lasted with moderate success throughout the next decade, but unfortunately it was not meant to be, and dissolved in the late 1990s. Still, a century later, peace and stability has come to Serbia, even if it has come with fracturing war, and with luck, the coming century will see even greater tranquility for its people.