The Russian Empire
History: Following the victory in the Napoleonic Wars, Russia became the bulwark of Conservative Europe, playing a role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 and generally strengthening the absolutist state within Russia. Unfortunately, the defeat in Crimea and the increased unrest forced Tsar Alexis II to liberate the serfs, whom then became a class of small farmers. Further proposed reforms, such as the university liberalizations and the creation of a parliamentary body though fell flat.
Despite its failure to defeat the Ottomans, Russia still was in a strong position to challenge Britain in the “Great Game”, expanding steadily south. In an effort to gain allies against a potential renewed Anglo-French coalition, Russia agreed to an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, putting the Balkan issue “on ice”. However, several incidents between Serbia and Austria-Hungary incited Slavist and nationalist passions, forcing Russia into a bloody and costly war with Austria-Hungary only a few years after their alliance was signed. Though they fought for over three years, the war ended in stalemate. Russia was forced to pull out of the conflict with a rebellion in the Baltic, and the German intervention against Serbia would ensure that Slavic ambitions would remain frustrated.
The Russians had little interest in allying with the socialist French state against Germany, leaving it without an avenue for expansion in Europe. The reign of Alexander II saw Russia reorient itself as an Asian focused power, taking territory in Manchuria and exerting influence in Korea and Central Asia. When Germany and France reignited their conflict, the Russians opted to stay out of the conflict, though also saw fit to move its divisions westward. Though Russia was interested in moving southwards towards the Ottomans, the German Revolution and the subsequent German Civil War posed an existential threat to the Empire and its social order. Defections from the German side greatly strengthened the Russians, though they were eventually stopped in their tracks by the Communists. The Russians were able to hold most of Prussia and Galicia, but were forced to pull soldiers back to the home front when riots started in Minsk and the Swedish revolution began threatening Finland.
Russia was able to survive the turmoil of the 1910s and as the military and economy has recovered from the war and rebellions, the Empire looks to expand once more. China in civil war is tempting, the pro-Russian ruler of Afghanistan could use his country to help stage an invasion of India, and Communist Europe beckons to be restored to the natural social order...
Government: Russia strongly maintains its tradition of absolute authority, particularly in the wake of the dissolvement of the Duma in 1908. Power is heavily centralized in Saint Petersburg, with the Tsar and his ministers making all major national decisions. The imperial family and the aristocracy, owing to their high ranking appointments in the military and civil service, do have a significant amount of influence with the Tsar though, and have been involved in coups against Tsars that have been heavily against their interests. Because of this, the Tsar generally trends to conservative policies. Reforms are possible, though are done very slowly, much to the annoyance of the general populace. The current mood of much of the Russian populace though is still in a reactionary mindset, still wary of the Communist revolutions in Germany, France, and Sweden.
Royal Family: Atop the nation sits the Emperor, Tsar Michael II of the Romanov dynasty. He is married to Maria, a princess from Denmark, with whom he has had four children, three sons and one daughter. The eldest son is Peter, who will become Peter IV upon his ascension.
Of particular interest is the potential bridal match of the prince. Many members of the German royal family sought shelter in Russia, among them one of the daughters of the last German Kaiser, Princess Wilhelmina. Though there are those with a stronger claim to the German throne, Wilhelmina would have the backing of the Russian military, so that she would deliver the Empire to her new husband. German monarchists and conservatives support the plan still, though German nationalists are greatly opposed to this union.
Economy: The Russian economy is a primarily agricultural and resource economy. After the liberation from serfdom in the 1860s, Tsar Alexis II embarked upon an ambitious land reform plan that has created a nation of small landowners, many say in a plan inspired from the United States tour he undertook. Russia exports raw materials primarily to the United Kingdom, these exports serving as a major aspect of Russia’s economy. Russian factories are generally small and perform poorly compared to its counterparts in Europe and America. That being said, the cheapness of labor and the pro employer laws there make many feel that Russia could be well situated to expand industrially if foreign investment and ownership laws were loosened and the Imperial Bank of Russia were brought under control, both reforms the aristocracy generally opposes. There is also a significant minority of peasants who earn extra income from artisanal goods production and oppose further industrialization.
Society: Russian society is heavily stratified, where one’s class is of paramount importance. Russian society as of late has become particularly interested in one’s profession as it relates to their social standing (an aristocratic military officer outranks an aristocratic government official for example).
At the very bottom of the Russian society are the non-Russians. Moslems, the Chinese, Poles, and other subject peoples have fewer rights and opportunities than Russians. While policies of Russification were mostly abandoned after having little to show for it, subject peoples have lower wages, do not have the right to enter universities, have their movement restricted, and cannot own property, instead living as renters. Many are industrial workers, in the great factory towns such as Vilnius, Minsk, and other smaller Polish towns. Others work in mines and logging camps, especially in Siberia. Upon the defeat of the rebellions of 1915, Russia reversed some of the most brutal policies such as the forced relocation of entire towns, but many still make their way to Siberia in search of higher wages for their families. In European Russia in particular, minorities have been steadily moved off their lands to make way for Russian farmers though, and generally live in low quality housing in cramped and dirty cities, dreaming of one day casting out their oppressors.
As a special aside, Finns and Germans are not included in these minorities. Finns are given status equal to Russians. Germans are given certain special rights and despite their small numbers, can hold many elite positions in the military and industry, a cause of some resentment. These two groups are seen by the Tsar’s government favorably due to what he sees as their particular loyalty, loyalty which may or may not be genuine.
The Jews, a populace long oppressed by Russia, have almost left entirely from the Empire, mainly settling in Germany and France.
Above the minorities are the Russian commoners. Emancipated from serfdom, commoners have steadily been transformed into a sturdy class of conservative, landowning farmers. Due to the financial collapse of the aristocracy in the 1870s, the commoners became the principal land owning class, with some becoming major landowners. A majority of the population belongs to this class. Russian commoners form the bulwark of the enlisted personnel of the military, and generally hold education as a dangerous thing, with few having completed more than five to six years of schooling. Russian families tend to have multiple children, due to still high infant mortality rates, the likelihood of being drafted, encouragement from the clergy, and subsidies given to help encourage high birthrates. To protect the family holdings from intense division, sons are further classified. The edict promising that a family can protect one son from being drafted has survived two costly wars, being seen as one of the most important social contracts between the Tsar and its subjects. The exemption is generally given to the eldest son, and he will be the one to inherit the familial lands, and will be the focus of matchmaking efforts from his parents. If any of the children receive anything beyond a rudimentary education, it will be this one. Additional sons are considered valuable still, but as time goes on and their eldest brother eventually inherits the familial land, the other brothers tend to look for other pursuits. Some look to artisanal good production, making beer, wine, or leather goods, as Russian industry is not enough to fully satisfy domestic demand. Others take roles as supervisors in factories, attempt to further their education, make a career in the military, or join the clergy. The unlucky ones end up living off their family lands under the brother who took over. Lacking the independent means to start his own household, he may marry a younger sister of his brother’s wife if no better match can be found for said sister, but this is rare. Eventually, most leave the brother’s lands one way or another, with some wondering if this is creating a new underclass of citizens, a phenomenon similarly noted in America.. Commoner women are generally taught how to manage a household, how to manage finances, and other similar tasks. While their husbands farm, the wife may be responsible for selling said produce, or seeing about using the outputs of the farm for other enterprises. Generally, women have 1-2 extra years of education as they are not as needed on the farm. When they turn 16, women are entered into the marriage market, and seek out eldest sons who are set to inherit their familial land. Families are responsible for their daughters, and still have attachment after marriage, so the marriage market is designed to ensure their daughters can marry men of independent means. It is not the eldest daughter who is given priority, but rather whichever daughter is the most beautiful and capable of attracting the highest standing husband. Particularly wealthy commoners have even been able to marry into the families of aristocracy.
The Russian aristocracy is the dominant class of society of course. By the mid 19th century, many Russian aristocrat families had become destitute and could no longer afford the maintenance of their lands. The emancipation of the serfs and the subsequent land reforms would see many aristocratic lands sold to former serfs. Many pursued trade and industry as an alternative, finding success there. The highest ranked aristocrats are those who still own land estates and those who serve in the military upon the graduation from one of the elite military academies in Russia. Other aristocrats serve as government officials and captains of industry, though they do hold a lesser status than those in the military.
Military: The Russian Army has always been the focal point of the Russian state, serving as the main avenue for its expansion. Despite the transition from serfdom to free peasantry, the recruitment mechanisms for the army have stayed in good shape, and in times of war, Russia can easily call up the largest army in Europe. Russian strategy in war when on the defense is to work with numerical depth; when the enemy takes out ten divisions, they are confronted with another eleven. On offense, Russia attempts to advance on a broad front, applying pressure anywhere that they can. The enemy cannot defend everything, and when Russia finds a breakthrough, it is ruthlessly exploited. The implementation of German training methods and the implementation of the General Staff system has helped with Russia’s military preparation significantly.
That being said, the quality of the army can definitely be called into question. While Russia can call upon some excellent commanders, including Prussian exiles who now serve in the Russian military, the soldiers equipment is well below what other European soldiers use. The Samsonov-08, the standard issue bolt-action rifle, was backwards when it was introduced and it has further fallen since, especially in comparison to the British automatic rifles. The artillery is slightly better, and Russia is committing to increasing armor production, though its current industrial output makes that difficult; Italy has a much more developed armor program for example, and is well behind the leading designs in Britain. There has been some talk of acquiring new weapons from abroad, or even a new, Russian made design.
The Russian Air Force is still in development, and is considered on the lower end of the priorities to be addressed. The Navy is focused primarily on its Pacific presence, and is fielding a skeleton crew in the Baltic and Black Seas. While the Air Force is a low priority, the Navy is an afterthought and struggles to maintain its existing funding.