The decline of the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century might be traced to a variety of structural deficiencies within its empire, but if one were to want to trace to the event that set things in motion, it would be the First Opium War with Britain. The British proved that a modern European force could defeat a much larger Asian power who used outdated weaponry. This victory encouraged France, Russia, and the Dutch to also establish themselves in China, eager to take riches for their own empires. A steady stream of Chinese silver left the nation in exchange for opium to the fury of imperial officials.
It was not until the Emperor Tongzhi ascended the throne, with the help of his regents, that the Qing were able to turn the dynasty around. Outside of the traditional banner system, the Qing established a new Beiyang Army equipped with modern military weaponry and employing western tactics, alongside a new Beiyang Fleet. These soldiers were to be the core of a new, modern military for the Qing Dynasty, and quickly proved themselves, both against rebels and Westerners. It was the ascendent of Prince Chun and General Song as regents that the Qing at last moved to complete reforms with the child Xuantong Emperor as their malleable puppet. General Song was of a previous era, winning his great victories in the 19th century, but knew of the need to create a modern fighting force. While the Beiyang forces were equal to many Western armies, they were few in number. General Song sought to create a Western army that outnumbered all of its opponents. Many of the generals and other senior officers supported General Song due to their respect for him, but many of the younger officers, who had never served with him, rebelled, angry that the General would take away the privileges of the Beiyang forces.
The Qing Dynasty has since lost many of its southern territories, and has become increasingly unpopular with the Han population. However, with General Song’s prestige, the tradition of the Qing Dynasty, and a flood of foreign weapons, the Qing was able to hold off some of the Beiyang and other rebel forces. Song was able to sideline both Prince Chun and the rest of the Manchu aristocracy and consolidated a large, national army, ending both the Beiyang and the Banner system for the Qing.
The loss of both the factories of the south and of Manchuria has severely weakened the Qing, but in their struggle to the death in this bloody civil war, the Qing do have some distinct advantages. The Qing possess much of the formerly German trained General Staff for the Army, and their defensive tactics have bleed the National Republican troops multiple times. Furthermore, the Qing Dynasty still does have great prestige in China, especially with the ascent of General Song (a Han) to its upper echelons. Song in turn has won the loyalty of the other races within China, a major contrast to the National Republic. While not being completely stable, the Qing are on much firmer ground than the National Republic, and with this, Song hopes that the Qing can prevail and bring peace once more to China.