As long as you have a city founded, you always get a "free beaker" out of nowhere that is not related to anything produced by your empire. The purpose of the free beaker is - presumably, amongst other things - to prevent the time estimates for techs from going to infinity when you go to 0% research at the start of the game, or when you go into anarchy.Please elaborate?
Just the cities.
No cost difference. The only things affecting upgrade cost are what unit you're upgrading to (more advanced = more money), and Great Generals (always free to upgrade).
Excellent. Thank you. Didn't know that about Generals BTW.
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Note, this "free upgrade" property of GG means that its usually better to attach him to an obsolete unit than a state-of-art one.If you are using your GG for a supermedic, its usually best not to upgrade it at all, so that it will never get called upon to defend your stack. And if you aren't using it to make a supermedic, I find it almost always best to settle it in a city that's making lots of units. But there are rare situations where making a GG offensive unit is worthwhile, too, and then he should be upgraded... but not to a machine gun, wait for infantry.
. have been playing civIV for a couple of years now but have never bothered to patch my bought civIV complete edition. Except for civ i never play pc games at all and was wondering if i can download the latest patch and apply it to work or do i need to get earlier patcher first? it must be to obvious an answer but i don't have a reputation to keep so i don't mind. Please be so kind to help me out on this one, i'll be forever yours 
Custom Game gives you much more options for setting up your game.
You can't. When many people live together in a small space (i.e. a settlement), then this creates unhappiness - at least in the game.
Of course you _want_ to have large cities, so you have to provide your citizens which enough happiness factors to balance or outweigh the inevitable "It's too crowded" unhappiness.Connect resources which create health to your cities. Build buildings that create health. Health is the white circle with the red cross on it.
You choose the respective option in the trade window ("declare war on ..."), and offer them enough to make them accept the deal. Often they won't declare war on a given other civ under any circumstances, in these cases the option "declare war on ..." will be written in red, and if you hover the mouse over it, you'll see a popup that informs you why this option can't be chosen. usually it's something like "We won't betray our close friends", or "We don't like you enough."
What are usually your combat odds when you attack? You asked the same question in another thread - in my reply I explained to you how to read the combat odds, but you didn't answer?
In the game options, you can switch off "show friendly moves", "show enemy moves", and some "show combat" options. If that doesn't help, then you're playing too large a game for your machine, try to play on a smaller map or with fewer opponents next time.
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