Thalassicus
Bytes and Nibblers
These are the goals for advantages the 3 Civ archetypes have in the Vanilla Enhanced Mod. This information was previously in an obscure place on the Strategy forum, so I decided to move it here. 
Vanilla does not give military handicaps for the AI, so combat is the best (and often only) way to go on harder vanilla difficulties. AI economic strength outshadows military strength. In the Vanilla Enhanced mod, fighting the AI militarily is as challenging as fighting them economically.
In Civ 4 there was a tradeoff between economic and military power. Our economy dropped from rapid conquest. In Civ 5 each occupied city adds to science/gold/etc, so conquerors have advantages in both economic and military strength. To balance this in VEM, good diplomatic relations provides science bonuses from shared research. This means peaceful leaders have more advanced but less experienced troops, and vice versa for conquerors. This tradeoff makes conquest more challenging.
Less population is killed off when a city is captured, but the refugees spawn a partisan for the defender. This increase in population doubles the city's long-term power after it comes out of resistance, while increasing the short-term downsides. I also created a tradeoff between Occupy vs Puppet vs Raze so each option has advantages and disadvantages. Occupation is good for large cities and puppeting is good for small ones.

Peaceful - Tall
(Few cities with high populations)
(Many cities with lower populations)
One area where Vanilla Enhanced changes things is conquest. I feel conquering is too easy in vanilla Civ 5, and as a conqueror myself, I like making it more challenging.(Few cities with high populations)
- Strengths
Science
Wonders
Citystate allies
- Needs
Food
Production
(Many cities with lower populations)
- Strengths
Religion
Resources
Citystate allies
- Needs
Happiness
Gold
- Strengths
Units
Resources
Citystate conquest bonus
- Needs:
Happiness
Gold
Vanilla does not give military handicaps for the AI, so combat is the best (and often only) way to go on harder vanilla difficulties. AI economic strength outshadows military strength. In the Vanilla Enhanced mod, fighting the AI militarily is as challenging as fighting them economically.
In Civ 4 there was a tradeoff between economic and military power. Our economy dropped from rapid conquest. In Civ 5 each occupied city adds to science/gold/etc, so conquerors have advantages in both economic and military strength. To balance this in VEM, good diplomatic relations provides science bonuses from shared research. This means peaceful leaders have more advanced but less experienced troops, and vice versa for conquerors. This tradeoff makes conquest more challenging.
Less population is killed off when a city is captured, but the refugees spawn a partisan for the defender. This increase in population doubles the city's long-term power after it comes out of resistance, while increasing the short-term downsides. I also created a tradeoff between Occupy vs Puppet vs Raze so each option has advantages and disadvantages. Occupation is good for large cities and puppeting is good for small ones.