I once had a similar case, where my only source of coal within reach was located on a small island (2-3 tiles) which consisted entirely of mountains. I was able to build a road and even a colony on these mountains, but no settlement; so I was unable to connect the coal to my trade network. (No harbor, no airport....)Kind of awkward because it meant I could never link up the two portions of the island by road.
Once I discovered Flight, I put an airfield onto that island, but that didn't help either. (Lesson learned: airfields are cheap replacements for airports in almost all respects, but they don't provide a link to the trade network, as airports do.)