Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex
geopolitical situation. The powerful kingdom of
Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while
Larsa controlled the river delta. To the east lay the kingdom of
Elam. To the north, the
Shamshi-Adad I was undertaking expansionistic wars,
[5] although his untimely death would fragment his newly conquered
Semitic empire.
[6] The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were relatively peaceful. Hammurabi used his power to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples.
[7] In ca. 1766 BC, the powerful kingdom of
Elam, which straddled important
trade routes across the
Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain.
[8] With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the empire of
Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time.
[9] In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of
Larsa.
[10] Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort.
[10] Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by ca. 1763 BC.
[11]
As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest.
[11] Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna.
[12] Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally
Mari, although it is possible that the 'conquest' of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict.
[13][14][15] In just a few years, Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule.
[15] Of the major city-states in the region, only
Aleppo and
Qatna to the west in Syria maintained their independence.
[15] However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as
Diyarbekir, where he claims the title "King of the Amorites".
[16]
The attached maplink shows Babylon at the beginning and the end of his reign:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Hammurabi's_Babylonia_1.svg