To return to the nominal subject of this thread, the Jews had a respectable if not very long period as an independent ancient civilization. After leaving Egypt, they acquired land by taking it by force from the Canaanites. Then (according to Wikipedia):
1030 BC. The tribes were settled in the land of Israel. It was a time of unrest and strife. Saul became the first king of the Israelites in approximately 1020 BC. David succeeded him in c.1006 BC, and moved the capital from Hebron to Jerusalem. David waged several, successful military campaigns, annexing Philistia, Edom, Moab, Ammon, and parts of ancient Aram (Syria) known as Aram-Zobah, and Aram-Damascus. Aram itself became a vassal state of Israel under David.
David was succeeded in about 965 BC by his son Solomon, who constructed the First Temple at Jerusalem and had a prosperous reign. However, on Solomon's death in c. 926 BC the kingdom began to fragment, bisecting into the kingdom of Israel in the north (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria), and the kingdom of Judah in the south (containing Jerusalem).
In 922 BCE, the Kingdom of Israel was divided. Judah, the southern Kingdom, had Jerusalem as its capital and was led by Rehoboam. It was populated by the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Simeon (and some of tribe of Levi). Simeon and Judah later merged, and Simeon lost its separate identity.
Jeroboam led the revolt of the northern tribes, and established the Kingdom of Israel, consisting of nine tribes: Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, Naphtali, Dan, Menasseh, Ephraim, Reuben and Gad (and some of Levi), with Samaria as its capital.
Israel fell to the Assyrians in 721 BCE; Judah fell to the Babylonians a little over a century later, in 597 BCE.