From what I know, kafkaesque means characterised by absurd bureaucratic totalitarianism. Seemingly simple tasks like trying to gain access to a castle or trying to get off of a criminal charge you're clearly innocent of are made impossible, not by evil overlords, but by ordinary people holding some semblance of official posts - your clerks and whatnot, who actually have almost unlimited power pertaining to the task you're trying to accomplish. If the local clerk say no, and there's no way you can gain access to someone higher up, then there's just no way you're going to get what you want to do done, sometimes with very dire consequences.
I suppose it's most strongly evocative of a sense of powerlessness of the individual against his/her circumstances.