Ah, really sucks about that mike. Well, just think, now you can play what you played before again...only better, this time.
Anyways, just a few bits of advice. Those icons you were questioning about? The hammer, beaker, gold, etc on the city? Those symbols indicate that that city is the highest out of all your cities in terms of production, science, and money making, respectively.
Strange about the artic combat not listing the protection against terrain damage...it used to. I am not sure if it still protects, honestly. Perhaps they removed that feature?
Oh, and you spent a long time looking for the tech that unlocked the promotion. If there isn't one listed in the civilopedia, then there isn't a tech requirement. The only requirement is that the unit already be promoted to a single star.
So good to see you finally getting another animal. One is better than none, but just for future plays, try to have at least ten myths by this point in the game. So far, you have two.
That scout south of your city isn't doing you any good, now. There are just no more animals around, too crowded with cities. What I suggest is you explore to the best of your ability the rest of your continent with him. Think of it as "keeping scouts alive" training. See how far you can go without him dying. Remember, stick to forests, and heal whenever necessary. Several times earlier in the play, I saw you moving scouts that were weakened.
Make sure you have a raft ready for that tribe. And remember my advice of settling one east of the bamboo, not on it. I actually recommend you permanently station a raft as a ferry of sorts between the two continents. You'll need gatherers and defenders crossing that strait.
Pretty crazy how one of the devs decided to cut out a third of the turns in the game. I can't say I understand why he thought it was necessary.
Oh, and one final thing. Espionage. Go into the espionage advisor, and take off putting points into the lower-ranked civs. You need to be able to see what the high-scoring civs are researching, so you can truly tell how far along in the tech tree you are compared to them. Put points into the Sioux, etc.
Oh and, just as a pre-emptive bit of advice...
If you do get to sedentary first, after getting caste, I'd recommend agriculture. It will allow to to take off ANOTHER 25% food needed to grow. Your civs will be gaining population like crazy, then. After that, I'd recommend archery, and getting all the way up to boat building. It would be a good idea to station galleys (or whatever they're called in this game, the next step above war canoe ones) around the waters of the new continent to get more sea animals.