I think the preponderance comes from desert, Arctic regions, and the ocean
This is not true, particularly in the sense of all the oil there has ever been. [Oil extraction today has a selection bias towards offshore, because the easy oil is already gone.]
Yes, there is a lot of oil in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and the other gulf states. But not in any other desert areas. I think people are generalizing too much from Arabia; most deserts have no oil.
But there is also a lot of oil in the continental US, Mexico, Nigeria, the Caucasus, Malaysia, Indonesia, Iran, which are not in desert zones.
Very little oil comes from arctic areas.
I'm not sure what you mean about failing the "easy to pillage AI oil problem."
I mean: it is very easy to use a destroyer to run into AI territory, pillage an offshore rig improvement, then run out again, without taking any damage, thus removing AI oil access when you are at war and sending their tanks into resource penalty.
The AI doesn't defend naval resources.
It is much harder to do this with a land-based oil resource.