THE HISTORY OF THE UAR
The origins of Ba'athism began with the political thought developed by Zaki al-Arsuzi and Michel Aflaq. While Aflaq, Bitar and Arsuzi were never members of the same organization, they are considered the founders of Ba'athism.The closest they ever came to being members of the same organization was in 1939, when those three together with Michel Quzman, Shakir al-As and Ilyas Qandalaft, tried to establish a party. The reason being that Arsuzi personally disliked Aflaq, and Aflaq seemed to have reciprocated the feeling.
Arsuzi was an Arab from Alexandretta who had been associated with Arab nationalist politics during the interwar period. He was inspired by the French Revolution, the German and Italian unification movements, and the Japanese economic "miracle". His views were influenced by a number of prominent European philosophical and political figures, among them Georg Hegel, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Oswald Spengler. Arsuzi himself played a great role in the Syrian resistance movement against the French during WW2 both in Syria and Lebanon. This led to his expulsion from France into Iraq, where he was accepted by local Arab unification movements. However, his Ba'ath Movement did not solidify for years until it held its first party congress in 1950 when it merged with the Iraqi Socialist Vanquard to establish the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Movement.
The year of 1954 is known for the 20 May Revolution during which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrew by the Ba'athist military and General Abd al-Karim Qasim, the leader of the Free Officers Movement which overthrew the king, seized power in Iraq. Seizing the chance, Abd al - Karim Qasim promised to the Iraqi people and his supporters from the military a superior economic policy independent from London, while ties with Arab countries would also be tightened. In 1955, following a resurgence of membership in the Syrian Communist Party, Abd al - Karim Qasim and the Ba'ath Party made their moves; the military and the government of Syria became part of the Iraqi Ba'ath Republic, now re - named to the United Arab Republic after the inclusion of Syria, or otherwise they risked losing their positions in case of a future communist administration. Soon, Lebanon and Transjordan followed as Pan - Arab unification sentiments were running high all across the Middle East.
In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba. On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed the canal to Israeli shipping. In return, 3 days later Isreal invaded the Sinai peninsula with limited British and French support. However, the UAR soon intervened and attacked Israel in favour of Egypt. With the total might of the Arab armies controlled by a central and organised staff, the Israeli defences soon collapsed and the situation became dire for the Israelis. Being pressured by the Arab offensive and by the UN, Israeli opted for a ceasefire that would be considered later on a victory for Egypt and the UAR. In 1957, Egypt once again attacked Israel together with the UAR, crossing over the UN - enforced demilitarisation lines and leading to the annexation of Israel by the UAR.