Debunking the Kamikaze Myth

There's a lot here about the psychological effect of the kamikaze on the Americans. What about their effect on the Japanese?

It is important to remember that the kamikaze pilots were not, for the most part, fanatical suicidical maniacs who wanted to die rather than surrender. They were, for the most part, very young men - often students and teenagers - who were indoctrinated and pressured into doing what was perceived as their personal duty to the emperor and to their families. Their training basically consisted of being bullied until they completely cracked. Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney has studied the diaries of these pilots and written about them (see her Kamikaze diaries: reflections of Japanese student soldiers. .) and they are heart-rending stuff. Most of these pilots didn't want to die at all but felt they had no choice. Many of them rationalised it as a matter of giving their lives so that others - above all their families - could live. A lot of them were intellectuals, who flew into battle quoting Novalis and Kant. Some of them were Christians, who took Bibles with them on their last flights. And some of them were pacifists, who felt that their sacrifice might help to end war altogether.

They were pressured not only by the military but by their families to go through with their flights. When the war ended, those kamikaze pilots who were still training and had not yet undertaken their final mission were ostracised, including by their families, because it was felt that they should have killed themselves anyway. Such is the nutty Japanese obsession with suicide.

Here's an account of the night before the kamikaze flights, given years later by a man who worked at the base as an attendant:

Kasuga Takeo said:
At the hall where their farewell parties were held, the young student officers drank cold sake the night before their flight. Some gulped the sake in one swallow; others kept gulping down [a large amount]. The whole place turned to mayhem. Some broke hanging light bulbs with their swords. some lifted chairs to break the windows and tore white tablecloths. A mixture of military songs and curses filled the air. While some shouted in rage, others cried aloud. It was their last night of life. They thought of their parents, their faces and images, lovers' faces and their smiles, a sad farewell to their fiancees - all went through their minds like a running-horse lantern. Although they were supposedly ready to sacrifice their precious youth the next morning for imperial Japan and for the emperor, they were torn beyond what words can express - some putting their heads on the table, some writing their wills, some folding their hands in meditation, some leaving the hall, and some dancing in a frenzy while breaking flower vases. They all took off wearing the rising sun headband the next morning. But this scene of utter desperation has hardly been reported. I observed it with my own eyes, as I took care of their daily life, which consisted of incredibly strenuous training, coupled with cruel and torturous corporal punishment as a daily routine.
 
Thank you for your insightful quote, Plotinus. Some of the pilots, especially the earlier ones, were not trained that way, but as you said, many of them were. One sidelight to the Japanese refusal to surrender and infatuation with suicide was that when we did take a Japanese prisoner, he normally sang like a bird. We picked up a Japanese torpedoman from one of the ships sunk in the Solomon Islands area, and he gave us a lot of information on the 24 inch Long Lance torpedo. We also picked up a Japanese PRIVATE on Peleliu, with a degree in microbiology who had worked with the biological weapons unit in Manchuria, who for some bizarre reason was drafted by the Japanese Army and sent to Peleliu of all places. He was an absolute treasure trove of data on the Japanese biological weapons program.
 
Thank you for your insightful quote, Plotinus. Some of the pilots, especially the earlier ones, were not trained that way, but as you said, many of them were. One sidelight to the Japanese refusal to surrender and infatuation with suicide was that when we did take a Japanese prisoner, he normally sang like a bird. We picked up a Japanese torpedoman from one of the ships sunk in the Solomon Islands area, and he gave us a lot of information on the 24 inch Long Lance torpedo. We also picked up a Japanese PRIVATE on Peleliu, with a degree in microbiology who had worked with the biological weapons unit in Manchuria, who for some bizarre reason was drafted by the Japanese Army and sent to Peleliu of all places. He was an absolute treasure trove of data on the Japanese biological weapons program.

I guess, by their lights, once having surrendered/been captured, they had lost all honor anyway and it no longer mattered what they did...
 
One thing I did not see many references to was the efficiency of American anti-aircraft guns. The proximity fuse was one of the greatest innovations in air defense, reducing the required number of rounds to destroy a plane from ~2400 or higher (depending on the type of gun) to ~400 (a six-fold improvement). By the time kamikaze attacks started, all American ships were using anti-aircraft rounds with proximity fuses, and many of those were usually 40 mm BOFORS, which were top-rate anti-aircraft guns.

Another important factor is the size of the attacking squadron of kamikazes--unless over 100 planes were committed to the attack, there was no guarantee the kamikazes could hit even one American ship. Towards the end of the war in '45, raids of 20-25 planes were launched. Not a single plane could hit a big ship (they could only take out lone destroyers on picket duty).

A minor point, to be sure, but the IJN sent out roughly 2,500 kamikaze attacks. The Air Force also sent out over 1,000 pilots (I forget the exact figures offhand) on kamikaze attacks as well, making the total number of planes sacrificed for the same number of ship kills even bleaker.
 
"Bonzai" charges have a similar reputation. They happened of course here and there however everyone seems to think it was standard practice by the Japanese military blindly charge machine guns.
 
"Bonzai" charges have a similar reputation. They happened of course here and there however everyone seems to think it was standard practice by the Japanese military blindly charge machine guns.

That's 'Banzai' - a Bonsai is a miniature tree.

I don't know about 'everyone', but I regard Banzai charges as a desperation measure of last resort for the Japanese, not standard practice. They did those only when there was no more hope of winning by conventional means - I think more as a means of mass suicide to avoid surrender than with real hope of winning .. though I believe a few of those charges were actually successful. Most, however, resulted in lots of dead Japanese soldiers to little effect.
 
.. though I believe a few of those charges were actually successful. Most, however, resulted in lots of dead Japanese soldiers to little effect.

Which ones were successes? I can't think of a single charge that was successful in the sense of winning the battle. Wiki mentioned Attu Island, where the banzai charge broke through the first American line and the rear units engaged the Japanese. However, the Americans still took back the island and all but 28 Japanese were killed.

Picture, for a moment, a banzai charge of soldiers holding bonsai trees. :)
 
now first of all , nice to see that there is a history section and it surely matches the site in being superb.

used some of the arguments without naming the site or posters as my reputation over there is even more suspect than the one here as might be deduced from the fact that ı was banned again .

anyhow just to cut it short

the first groups to engage in the operation were military personnel who appearently took it without any qualms , in the accepted image of the Kamikazes . Going to industrial scale increases the diversity and Japanese military personnel have been accused of sending people to die to keep themselves alive . "These war professionals strove endlessly to preserve from special attacks the members of their own group who were best trained to fight .They threw into the maw of battle the non - members of their clique - the civilian non-professionals fresh from collages and universities . " The reference is to the established practice to refuse adequately trained pilots who were needed for interception and indeed as escorts who tried to protect the suiciders and report back on their success if any ; the top Japanese ace Nishizawa was among such pilots .The counting of such flights in total Kamikaze missions (along with those planes returned without finding a target ) actually give interesting results : the total IJN effort launched 2314 planes , 1086 returned giving a loss rate of 53% . RAF's heavies lost 47.5 % of their crews killed or missing in action ; it has been estimated before D-Day the rate might have been up to 65 % . The U-Boot arm lost 70 % , true , but they lost the war ...

on the effectiveness of the attacks ı have to say ı disagree though without any mentionable counter argument . The Kamikaze might have been hitting but they were wasting fighter planes that might have protected bombers and of course they were also wasting the pilots .In a most perfect example Enterprise was hit by an obviously crack pilot in a Zero and as far as ı remember the bomb ended up in a depot where toilet papers were kept , failing to go off . Reading from some pdf files this has to have happened on april 11 , 1945 .

her sister ship Hornet was a tough one too . Due to misdirection of its CAP was heavily attacked , hit by 2 torpedoes , 3 bombs and 2 planes crashing with forward engine room flooded . A second attack resulted in two bomb and a torpedo hit flooding the aft engine room .Then 2 American destroyers fired 400 rounds of 5 inch and nine torpedoes to scuttle her .The Japanese had to sink the ship later in the night with 4 torpedoes to save USN further disgrace. If ships have really souls , this one really clung to life ...


what Japan needed by 1945 was surrender and while it might be quite true to remind me of the unconditional surrender line of the Allies , ı will respond the Japanese ended the war with what they wanted , keeping the Emperor in place so that the transition period could be handled . And that is after being nuked twice , Tokyo suffering "the largest casualties in a day" of all history , losing the fleet , and the army in Manchuria trampled by Russian armour . Kamikaze fervour made it impossible for the 1944 attempts to surrender ; killing in effect far more than the pilots and sailors sent to die with Hachimakis. Remembering the August '45 putsch it would have been certain death for the Japanese goverment to accede to peace . Hara -Kiri might have been a Japanese way but there are quite nastier ways to die .

played the Japanese WW2 scenario , won it without flying one . ı am a Monarch level player all along .

the Kamikaze is actually very anti-Japanese , but this hardly the fault of Firaxis ...

best wishes
 
Which ones were successes? I can't think of a single charge that was successful in the sense of winning the battle. Wiki mentioned Attu Island, where the banzai charge broke through the first American line and the rear units engaged the Japanese. However, the Americans still took back the island and all but 28 Japanese were killed.

Picture, for a moment, a banzai charge of soldiers holding bonsai trees. :)

You're right, of course, no Banzai charge was successful in the sense of winning the battle - I meant short term, as in overrunning an American position. As I said, the Banzai charges were desperation measures and/or suicide charges.

Another example for a short term success was the Banzai charge on Saipan, where the last 3000 able-bodied Japanese charged and overran the first lines. It seems even their wounded charged with them, bandages and all. Must have been a terrifying sight for the GIs !
 
The reference is to the established practice to refuse adequately trained pilots who were needed for interception and indeed as escorts who tried to protect the suiciders and report back on their success if any ; the top Japanese ace Nishizawa was among such pilots .The counting of such flights in total Kamikaze missions (along with those planes returned without finding a target ) actually give interesting results : the total IJN effort launched 2314 planes , 1086 returned giving a loss rate of 53% . RAF's heavies lost 47.5 % of their crews killed or missing in action ; it has been estimated before D-Day the rate might have been up to 65 % . The U-Boot arm lost 70 % , true , but they lost the war ...

I think either your total number of planes launched is too low or your number returned is too high; I recall reports where flights of 25-50 planes (kamikazes and escorts) were launched and not a single plane returned. 53% loss rate seems way too low, especially when success was also defined as losing planes.
 
ı have this book by two Japanese officers who organised the attacks , including the very first one . The numbers are only IJN numbers exluding the Japanese Army , American losses are checked with both USN records and IJN claims ( 475 hits repeated ) . Now there might been losses of records and falsification , but the book is a product of a time when the Communist threat made it a necessity to re-humanize the Japanese . ı believe the authors were honest although they are still trying to cover up the escape of Admiral Ugaki , who supposedly dived on to Allied ships on the 16th of August . Might be Russians , ı don't know .
 
A large number of kamikaze planes tended to turn back due to "engine failure" or for lack of good targets. Also, these planes would have flown far fewer missions than RAF bombers- surely only a handful at most for each plane, while RAF planes would have been in the air pretty much every day (I'm guessing).

This is why their losses may have been comparable to RAF losses, not because mass-suicide as a tactic is as safe as conventional bombing for pilots. Had the allies attacked Kyushu and the Japanese fully committed their kamkaze planes, Kamikaze losses would have been nearly total.
 
indeed the wikipedia article on Kamikazes talks of one Japanese suicide pilot turning back 9 times ; in the end he was shot . ı would avoid claiming the safety of suicide attacks , it is just a trick of statistics but it sure made an impression on me when ı first read it in the 90s.

now ı add the text ı had prepared

ı got this from Wikipedia and being shortsighted ( ı have been wearing glasses for 30 years nows ) have a strange feeling about the picture .It is in the Kamikaze article and before ı take it to an other forum for a heated debate on the suicide attacks please tell me that the wing marking is a white ringed Hinomaru ( or what the American fighter pilots used to call the meatballs ) instead of a cockade .

the debate is by the way about the German Kamikaze thingies . Now you may heard of that they were developing say manned V-1s or V-2s "guided" by crew who were supposed to leave the aircraft in the last minute . Many German members in such forums are arguing this was not the case and they are justifiable in the case of the Reichenberg device which was more of an aerodynamic test vehicle . This contrasts strongly with claims more usually originating from UFO sites . ı am a strong believer in the non existance of the saucers yet quite convinced that the it is politically motivated on the part of German authorities to cover up their plans in the late WW2 . Germans forum members of today are probably more interested in avoiding another bunch of epithets getting stuck on them while on a political / govermental level it would be hard to "demonize" misguided people originating from East and South of the Mediterranean . About the more recent efforts , Japanese could not make it work and the German warming up attempt sort of fizzled on its first run ; considering the reputations of these nations in military valour it should be pertinent to think some more today's Anti-Americans .

this post contributes to the thread of debunking the Kamikaze myth by showing - at least sort of - the Japanese were not alone .

it is not in the wikipedia and funnily all the links ı tried in the above mentioned Kamikaze article led nowhere but the German programme undoubtedly existed with 2000 pilots signing in . ı am of the type who goes into the "You talkin' to me ?" mode when the radio is passing comments about the dangers of using the web and a certain goverment's programme to teach the youth ; ı had to stop early as ı was shaving at the time and my chuckling could result in a few cuts on my face . The point is ı am not doing anything big when claiming the German ' Winds . ı have long been a subject of derision ; making an illusory subject stick will not really satisfy me but as we all know Occident beats Orient hands down when it comes to analysing pros and cons of a situation . Have already seen in Galactica , wonder how long would it take for Pentagon to come up with asymmetric warfare when it actually faces someone that will stand his ground ? Logic instead of a death wish , determination instead of bargaining , power instead of chest banging . It might be a culture shock . ı hear they are telling anybody who cares that they will go nuclear at the slightest reverse .


discussion of history makes one ready for shocks or it might blind one to obvious risks . Good old wikipedia had lots of articles about Romanian victories against the Ottomans at the time they were deploying to Afghanistan . Please don't take this as something against our neighbours through the Black Sea , but the recent surge in some dusty Asian country is definitive proof that the Sipahi has not been spotted there yet since it would have been already over if that was the case . As it is , the wikipedia has its strong moments like those such as

"I cannot predict the outcome of the air battles but you will be making a mistake if you should regard Special Attack operations as normal methods. The right way is to attack the enemy with skill and return to the base with good results. A plane should be utilized over and over again. That’s the way to fight a war. The current thinking is skewed. Otherwise you cannot expect to improve air power. There will be no progress if flyers continue to die."—Lieutenant Commander Iwatani, Taiyo (Ocean) magazine, March 1945

in contrast to its less informed ones , say , repeating Saburo Sakai's words "critisizing" the Emperor , the man the ace stayed in the war -after the ceasefire- for .

or rather the cease fire order .
 

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ı would have loved one more person that wasn't also sure about his eyesight to say something as ı know multiple posts are frowned upon . As it is ı have this one more thing to say on the subject . My efforts have been so far described as intellectual dishonesty through another medium which made me somewhat proud as it took me 15years to get the drift in the last sentence of this particular post . ı had intented to post these arguments at another forum , alas they banned me for the duration .

don't know the exact numbers but ı think it will be safe to say that readers of "this " forum - where ı am bete noir at the moment -are at least 99% rational .Considering the far higher membership on this forum , the ratio is of course even higher here but ı have to defend the first one as it is a specialized aviation site .

So when somebody comes up with a picture of 2 torpedoes hung under the pathetically short ranged Luftwaffe interceptor the sweet flying death trap aka Me-163 , there won't be much comment about the futility of the project ; everybody knows it was a waste of time for Germans .


ı specialize in irrationality .


but can't say ı am anything but a layman . ı have seen bomb racks under every kind of combat aircraft , am fully conversant with the fact that fighter bombing came of age in the Second World War and even can understand that putting pylons call for local strengthening in the airframe , aerodynamic testing to identify and correct any problems , operational trials to find out optimum tactics and many other things that are yet to be deduced by me but ı am still utterly confused by the accounts of Adolf Hitler's profound rage in May '44 when he heard that there were no '262 bombers yet . Ordering fighterbomber ability in every new delivery from that time on he has long been accused of squandering the last chance of Germany to build up an interceptor force capable of winning the air war . More recent views oppose this - one ı will name below suggesting the fighters were delayed by only 3 weeks at most - and as ı was saying ı have been long mystified . Afterall when Luftwaffe started using the Sturmvogels in ground attack missions eventually they achieved practically nothing as the Allied air defences forced them to fly fast and sort of high where the lack of a suitable sight meant the bombs would be delivered inaccurately , even by the far looser WW2 standarts .

the logic is understandable . Allies will cover their landing troops furiously . Speed is essential . Speed in penetration allows bomb delivery and survival to come back later , to repeat the performance . Classics in the Luftwaffe service can't do it but the new jet can . Causing delays on the part of the invasion forces will allow concentration of Panzer divisions to smash the Allies . At times you can even sense the amazement of some authors of such statements that the little Corporal had a reasonable view on the subject ! Dr. Alfred Price in the June 1995 issue of Air International offers a good examination of the matter ; unsurprising considering the reputations of both the author and the magazine . No doubt basing his account on personal memories and meeting minutes , Dr. Price goes onto explain how Erhard Milch , the Luftwaffe officer responsible for aircraft production asked for it by declaring that not only there were no bombers yet but to make them extensive design changes were needed . The part that confuses me... Since in about August Me-262s were bombing Allies in Normandy in shallow dive attacks where the planes pulled out above 4000 meters . ı had long forgotten that ; research always pays dividends when you need to support your harebrained theory . In regards to effectiveness of such raids a USN pilot has had once opinionated that those pilots such as USAAF crews releasing at 3 to 5 000 feet would undoubtedly be grounded by their commanders if they were in the USN as the Navy bombers could go as low as 1 000 feet , but again the opposition must be taken into account ; in Korea , WW2 veterans of the Pasific would consider the North Korean flak as heavy , while those of ETO would not . German flak has had quite a reputation . Considering the altitude limit placed on the 262 Luftwaffe appears to have some real impression about the Allied capabilities.


what is so special about the bombers ? What is the extensive design requirement ? The Japanese Nakajima Kikka was a Me-262 based attack aircraft , though smaller in size . ı have heard nothing against its suitability for its mission , which by the way was suicide attack . Unless some German genius had not imagined putting some shaped charge bomb in that peculiar front fuselage making it compulsory to return to the original tail dragger form or more sensibly requiring integral wing tanks to replace the would be lost 900 lt front fuel tank , ı can't see why Luftwaffe could not have Me-262s that could intercept bombers on one mission and after having bomb pylons fitted on the airfield , attack ground targets on the next .

for all he has been rightly accused of , Adolf Hitler had personal experience of war , of life in the frontline ; surprisingly in the light of anectodes of later somewhat different escapades , he even didn't show interest in the local boys . All troops of all nations that served in the trenches of WW1 have respected the artillery greatly and the Allied landings in the Mediterrenean in 1943 showed that naval artillery was a force to be reckoned with , starting with devastating the Hermann Goering Panzer Parachute division on Sicily , saving the day in General Omar Bradley's words . It appears the Germans lost 50 % of their tanks . Or in Salerno where military histories are unanimous that ships were terribly effective . The 1943 battles also saw Germans using guided weapons on a large scale where the dense Allied air defences made the campaign less effective than it might have been . Italian battleship Roma was sunk in what was practically exercise conditions , yet the performance could not be repeated against ,say , Warspite , the RN battleship that had an instrumental role in sinking 10 German ships in a Norwegian Fjord some years ago , halving the Kriegsmarine destroyer force in a day . In those days it was not a book that asserted naval firepower was dangerous , it was not yet history . Let me quote Brute Force by John Ellis :

"Perhaps the most convincing testimony of all was provided by Hitler himself who , on 29 June [of 1944] , in response to numerous references to the Allies' devastating naval firepower , issued a directive in which ' the Führer made it clear that he regarded the destruction of the enemy's battleships as of outstanding importance. ' Not surprisingly , he neglected to specify just how it was to be done ." Actually we might just have an inkling to what happened to that particular variant of the wunderwaffen , but just don't take my word on that . ı will call Milch's concentration on the fighters as a sudden outbreak of sanity without reservations , in case ı ever write something . The exact words that ı am paraphrasing here were "some kind of sanity and reason, which is said sometimes even to afflict Germans ?"

but all was not lost yet and on the Fourth of July the 12.SS Panzer Division , the Hitlerjugend defended the Carpiquet Airfield with "150 infantry , two or three tanks and a borrowed 88mm gun" against "10 battalions of infantry , a tank regiment plus other specialised armour, and support from 428 guns on the ground and several ships at sea." The singularly ill named Operation Windsor has its own Wikipedia page.

"The attack failed."

ı don't know if ı mentioned this before but the young troopers of the HitlerJugend had a propensity to blow themselves up under Canadian tanks .

it is a custom of mine to make a reality check at some of my posts , rereading what ı have written and ı have to admit that what ı say is always a mix up of ridiculous with unbelieveable . ı am not much of a writer , can't attach various ideas to each other .

just an example , don't you think the torpedo carrying Me-163 ı mentioned at the top would be described as superfulous by any teacher of composition writing ? What is the relevance of that idea here ? So the Germans designed a torpedo carrier out of a plane with a maximum range of only 50 miles since it had a rocket engine that allowed to outclimb anything in the world - unlike the Me-262 that needed specially assigned fighter squadrons to defend its airfields as it was so vulnerable to prowling Allied fighters during take off and landing- but its fuel exploded like a bomb at the slightest provocation ? Or it would be dead meat at the torpedo dropping altitude if it had already used its fuel , which would undoubtedly be the case . Though it was fast at nearly 1000 km/h , matching the Yokosuka Okha , the idiot bomb of the Japanese . ı wonder how many of Bakas were shot down by AA fire from Allied ships .

or the Wikipedia mentioning that "in August 1944, it was announced by the Domei news agency that a flight instructor named Takeo Tagata was training pilots in Taiwan for suicide missions." Who would believe the Japanese would divulge a new way of fighting through newspapers ?

and ı would hate to give the impression that ı talk positively about Adolf Hitler ; he was not a total idiot but one has to be careful about these things . He knew Normandy would be the place since November 1943 , yet he allowed himself to be deceived about that it was to be a mere diversion and Allies would land at Pas de Calais to trap the Wehrmacht in France . That the Germans concentrated against the British in Normandy battles is not merely because it was quicker to assemble in front of Montgomery and safer to avoid the extra Allied air attacks that would have to be suffered while crossing the battlezone to engage in the American sector . If the second landing by the Patton's army could not be contained , the panzers would be needed to be rapidly moved into a new battle . Anyhow it was obvious the Allies could not get out of the bocage country that easily or Montgomery Africanus would rush things ; an official American history once described an operation in Tunis by the words ' The Eight Army procedeed to the crucial battle with the majestic deliberation of a pachyderm .' Rommel's desire to attack quickly was due to his personal experience of Alam Halfa or El Alamein , the Allies had to be crushed before they got good defensive positions , but unlike Hitler he was counting on Me-262 Jagers ...

just another post on debunking the Kamikaze myth.

PS. the last sentence:

ı wasn't such an odd person when ı was young .Anyhow ı had an Airfix model of an '262 and you should remember this was a time when the triangular ALCM was in service , this guy said "Doesn't it look like a cruise missile ?"
 
I must join my colleague with a wat?
 
good , at least two people have read it. Banana Lee and Masada thanks for the effort and patience .
 
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