salty mud
Deity
What's the game year? How many people are working in your factories? The industrial score isn't calculated on just the # of factories alone, but also # of workers and profit generated. You can increase the number of craftsmen by using your national focuses (although I think you can colonize in Africa at the game start since some of the regions already have Portuguese regions), or by waiting for population growth and your RGOs to fill up, after which the people will go to your factories looking for work. You could also try to beat up your artisans by raising middle-class taxes and demoting them to craftsmen, but they might start getting militant and revolt against you. I think the profit factor was toned down because France always skyrocketed to first place with luxury clothes and furniture factories every game.
Portugal doesn't start with impressive prestige, so gaining a few points there so you can buy your resources ahead of the other minors would improve your access to coal in the market. You could try conquering some African or SE Asian country that has coal, although off the top of my head I can't think of one. Maybe Siam, Viet Nam, or one of the other ones up there has a coal RGO, Indonesia has mostly tea and gold mines (which are great in their own right). More coal will also flood onto the market as RGOs start to fill up and nations start developing advanced technologies, so don't despair.
Also, being that you are Portugal, you are probably going to have a little difficulty industrializing. It's not going to happen overnight.
Note: strictly speaking, as a civilized nation or secondary power you sell your coal to the world market, and then you have to buy it back in order of prestige unless you are a great power and have a sphere, in which case you get first crack at your spherelings' resources before they go to the world market. So conquering a source of coal won't necessarily solve your problem. However, winning battles and a war will gain you prestige, which moves you up in the rankings as far as purchasing stuff goes, and when you eventually get to be a great power it will matter.
That's very helpful, thank you. Although it seems a little non-sensical that I have to sell my RGO goods to the market and then buy them back... there is no way to stockpile goods from your factories to use yourself? For example, by building a small arms factory, am I able to stock the arms for myself without other nations having first pickings? That can't be right... Although I suppose it would make war-mongering too easy.
EDIT: and it was only early 1840s. So yeah, very early in the industrialisation process.