Inevitable Conflict? The British Fight the Great War
August - December 1915
Despite the invasion of German soil in August, it would prove to be a slow offensive. Though German resistance was weak, it was widespread, forcing the 3rd BEF to slowly work their way to the Rhine. Their objective was Cologne.
At first they were supported by several French divisions, but several of these were forced to return to France in the wake of a shocking series of mass desertions among other French divisions. Indeed, when harsh sentences were carried out against the deserters, it resulted in nothing more than open mutiny by several divisions in October. Not only did this weaken the front, but it meant that the 4th BEF force - due to arrive at the end of the year - would be forced to assist the destabilising French government to restore order.
This did not affect the Middle Eastern Front, where two major British armies approached Jerusalem and Baghdad. In October, the great Battle of Jerusalem was to rival even the Battle of Reims five months earlier. Though the Ottoman defenders were only two divisions strong, one was a division of machine gunners. They quickly cut down the British cavalry charge - forcing them to retreat - and easily outgunned the advancing infantry. It took the loss of three full British infantry divisions before the city was captured, but Parliament declared the operation worthy, and preparations began for a follow-up attack further north.
British Infantry resting at Gaza before the offensive
What they did take into account was the effectiveness of the machine guns in the defence of Jerusalem, and ordered the training of such units to assist in France. Additionally, reconnaissance of Cologne revealed two machine gun divisions there, ending all hope of an attack. As such, the 3rd BEF took up position north of the city, while the French held the lines to the west. A campaign of artillery and, for the first time in the western front, aerial bombardment began to weaken the defenders.
A British Sopwith Pup during testing in late 1915
On the eastern front, it was nothing but massive battles on open ground and cities. The Russians held the advantage as they advanced into Poland, but now that it became clear that this was to be a long-term war the initial enthusiasm of the populace began to drop. Morale was not helped as Austria-Hungary continued to send in wave after wave of infantry divisions to attack, causing some of the bloodiest battles of the war. In addition, the Germans seemed to be stabilising their front after losing so much ground to the Russians.
Ultimately however, at the end of the year it seemed that the Entende were in control of the war. Sadly it was not over in December as hoped by many, but then
there is always next Christmas